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Landuse maps of Khalkhal County using Landsat and IRS imagery by considering geometric and radiometric corrections based on supervised classification with Maximum Likelihood algorithm for 1987, 2002 and 2008 were produced. The accuracy of the produced maps using overall accuracy and Kappa statistic were calculated and results of comparison for the maps of 1987 with 2002 show that, dry farming land has increased from 18.37 to 25.22% and irrigated farming has also increased from 5.77 to 7.30%. On the other hand, forest area has decreased from 2 to 0.38% and rangelands have also reduced from 38.44 to 31.61%. Moreover, the results of map comparison from 2002 and 2008 show that, rangelands and residential areas with 0.23 and 0.06% have increased respectively, and dry farming with 1.58% has the most decreased areas. Statistical analyses in the level of 1 and 5% showed that the rock on the 1988 landuse map were 89 and 91%, and meadow 62 and 65% as the lowest and highest significance. Results of significance for the landuse map of 2005 were 91 and 94% for dry farming, and 67 and 69% for forest as the lowest and highest and for the landuse map of 2008 significance were 86 and 89% for rock, and 67 and 69% for forest as the lowest and highest. By considering accuracy assessment and the significance of the results for the produced maps, the results were acceptable.

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Evaporation is one of most important parameters which are affected by many variables such as rainfall, wind velocity, sunny hours, and relative humidity etc. Evaporation estimation is important for any area with surface water resources because of its effect on dam lakes, precipitation-runoff modelling, river area performance, water management – calculating amount of water that plants need and planning for watering and so on. Evaporation can have significant effect on water balance of a river or a reservoir and it may be cause water level to decrease.

Due to hydraulic system complications caused by statistical information imperfection and determining all parameters involved, complete hydraulic system modelling is impossible. At such circumstances using al mathematical modelling system will be considered. 

Matherials & Method

In this study we tried to estimate pan evaporation using two models including Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) with data preprocessing (gamma test and principal component analysis) to determine affective inputs into two models. For this matter data gatherd from three synoptic stations at Astara, Kiashahr and Talesh at Guilan province has been used. Synoptic stations data includes evaporation, wind velocity at two meter altitude, temperature (minimum, average and maximum), humidity (minimum, average and maximum), sunny and rainy hours. Statistical period of data for Astara and Talesh synoptic stations were 1384 to 1393 and for Kiashahr were 1385 to 1393. 80 percent of meteorology data were used for calibration and other 20 percent were used for model validation. In this study we used multilayer perceptron artificial neural network with sigmoid tangent function and 1 to 20 neurons for hidden layer and support vector machine with radial based kernel function.

Calculations has been made in to section with two data preprocess methods. At first section input variable has been selected by gamma test and pan evaporation estimation was made by both models. At second section modelling has been pulled out by input variables selected by principal component analysis.

Discussion of results

At gamma test section pan evaporation estimation parameters were as follows: minimum temperature, maximum humidity, minimum humidity, rainfall and sunny hours for Astara station; maximum temperature, minimum temperature, minimum humidity, rainfall and sunny hours for Kiashahr station and maximum temperature, minimum temperature, maximum humidity, average humidity, rainfall and sunny hours for Talesh station. According to principal component analysis results on Astara, Kiashahr and Talesh stations, five, five and four principal component were used in modeling these stations respectively. At first section input compound determined by gamma test to estimate Pan evaporation of the selected stations were used. Pan Evaporation estimation results shows that at Astara station GT-ANN model has less root mean square error than GT-SVM model and beter performance. Pan Evaporation estimation at Kiashahr station was done suitably with both models. At this station GT-SVM had a better performance with root mean square error of 1.295 compared to GT-ANN model with 1.356.

At Talesh station both models had close results but results for GT-SVM were more accurate compared to GT-ANN. Nash Sutcliffe coefficient attained for Astara and talesh stations acknowledges their  excellent results and for Kiashahr station shows the satisfactory results.

At second section modelling were done by using selected inputs by PCA preprocess method. Accordint to results, PCA-ANN model had better performance estimating pan evaporation at Astara and talesh stations than PCA-SVM model as its root mean square error was lower. Value of Nash Sutcliffe coefficient shows the suitable performance of both models at both stations. PCA-SVM model had better performance estimation pan evaporation than PCA-ANN with lower root mean square error at Kiashahr station. Nash Sutcliffe coefficient of PCA-SVM model was 0.666 and for PCA-ANN model was 0.634 which shows the satisfactory performance of both models.

Conclusions

Results shows the good performance of preprocessing methods (principal component analysis and gamma test). Actually performance of GT-ANN, PCA-ANN, GT-SVM and PCA-SVM models performance estimating pan evaporation of each one of the stations are very close to each other. This similarity is caused by performance of gamma test and principal component analysis preprocessing methods. Principal component analysis converts input variables to independent principal component using linear relation between input variables. Actually this method reduces the effect of the variables with similar information by giving them lower factor. But in gamma test method consider to gamma factor attained from various input compounds, variable that has a negative effect on output will be determined and eliminated from final input compound. As we said before, nature of none linear Gamma and linear PCA methods are different but when PCA method decreases the factor that is eliminated in gamma test to a small value, inputs determined by both methods will be close to each other. This can be one of the reasons that close the estimating models results to each other. So we cannot recommend one preprocessing methods better than the other. We can conclude that for estimating pan evaporation at these stations both preprocessing methods are suitable.

According to results PCA-ANN for Astara and Talesh and GT-SVM model for Kiashahr station had better performance than others.

Although both models had acceptable performance estimating pan evaporation of stations but SVM model results were better than ANN model.

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Abstract:

Common borders between countries are as various interactive opportunities in relation to economic, political, cultural and social activities and affect the development of business interactions, employment creation, stability, security and prosperity and economic development between political systems. Borders have different types; land, sea, or combinatorial borders. compilation borders are areas that have blue shores, plain hinterland, and mountainous and forest areas. These areas can have the greatest benefits for the countries that hold it. The existence of a border zone with such natural and environmental features can have the power and capabilities of customs, border terminal, border market and railroads, and the ability to create a port for sea transport, exploitation of beaches in the field of coastal tourism, agro-exploitation and Garden and farm(animal husbandry) as well as mountain and forest tourism. 

The present research studies theoretical model of space development in compilation border regions. Therefore, a research is a theory which has been extracted and analyzed by using a questionnaire package based on library studies and then extracting the views of relevant experts. In the library section, resources such as books, magazines, articles and researches on regional and border development planning have been used. Data obtained from library studies have been evaluated by completing a questionnaire by experts and elites on the potential of compilation border regions.

The results of the research show that the compilation nature of the coastal basin nature, with the backside plains and mountains, each of which has special potential, can be effective both in regional and national development.Such spaces, due to spatial diversity, have diverse potentialities for development, and in the event of expanding transnational interactions, they will enjoy a variety of functional economics.

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In modern approaches to the city, City of Khorasan has been proposed as a strategic way of thinking in the planning and implementation of urban plans. This approach addresses the ways in which citizens engage in different areas of encounter with city-related issues in order to realize the components of the idea of ​​the right to the city (urban governance, social inclusion, cultural diversity in the city and social freedoms and the right to access urban services to all residents of the city There is a strong link between space and creativity. Creative people need space for life, work, inspiration, and work. In this context, public spaces can play a very important role.
This article seeks to answer the main question that the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing public spaces to reach the public sphere are creative and which indicators have the most impact on promoting the public spaces in the creative public space? The present study was applied in a qualitative way. The statistical population of the study consisted of 60 professors, experts in urban planning and executive directors from different universities of Tabriz and the municipality of Tabriz through purposeful sampling and Available for selection and review and the final arrangement of the provided list is also done using the Delphi technique as a combination of similar responses and removal of marginal responses. According to the findings of the research, in terms of grading and comparing the public spaces studied in this study, the public spaces of Aeol Goli Park, the Municipality of the Center, Sahib al-Amr Square, Qutb Square, Laleh Park, and Valga-Asr Park, according to the total score of 2 to 3 at the moderate level and the foundation of the foundation. Based on the total score of the final 4, internal factors are at the highest level in terms of the general creative space, all of which by adopting the necessary measures necessary to enhance the creative public space. Among the factors studied, the existence of a suitable transportation system for welfare and easy access, long-term erosion, strong historical record, multi-functionality, tolerance for all groups, security, and the creation of a platform for creating a variety of events are among the most important factors. In the promotion of public spaces were identified in the creative public space.

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 Abstract
 
In the current age of increasing population and urban expansion,Have Increased use of motor vehicles in cities And forecasts of car park locations in these cities have been taken into consideration. The expansion of Mashhad in recent decades and the increasing number of cars and related problems such as traffic, increased fuel consumption, air pollution, waste of time citizens etc. The need to pay attention to the use of urban public parking in urban development plans is increasingly emphasized. Currently, District 1 of Mashhad Municipality is facing traffic and environmental problems due to its high density of administrative and commercial uses. Therefore, locating public parking spaces to reduce traffic congestion and its problems seems to be an effective step in urban planning. This is an applied and descriptive-analytical study. Data were collected through library and field studies from relevant organizations. Arc GIS and fuzzy logic model-ANP were used for these analyzes. According to the studies carried out in this field, 8 criteria for parking location were selected and using ANP model and fuzzy logic, each criterion was weighted and mapped in ARC GIS software and finally different layers on The convention and the right place to build a public parking lot have been identified. The results of this study show that the distribution of public parking lots is in good condition but the number of parking lots is less than the demand.