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Landslide is one of the destructive erosion events in slopes that causes financial losses on the roads. Identification of factors affecting landslide occurrence and hazard zonation mapping is considered as one of the basic tools to manage and reduce possible damage. In this research, we tried to zonate the landslide hazard at proposed Torghabeh- Darrod road by using Bayesian method, so that we can prevent many human and financial risks. Therefore, by collecting the required information on the landslides distribution in the area, the maps of landslide distribution, along with13 data layers including: slope gradient, aspect, curvature, elevation, landuse, geology, distance from road, distance from drainage, distance from fault, soil and rainfall zones was produced in the GIS environment. By using Bayesian probability theory, the relationships between each factors and landslide points were determined and subsequently the classes weights of each factors were obtained. Finally, landslide hazard zonation maps was prepared by Bayesian theory for the study area, in such a way that all effective factors were used and each factor was deleted. Finally the accuracy and precision of the maps were calculated using the ROC carve and 30% of landslide points. Data show that the precision of prepared probabilistic model by the Eleventh approach modeling (the distance from the fault was removed) was determined about 86.5% (very good) in study area. Using the provided map, we can identify unstable areas, and rely on them in the implementation of development planning particularly road construction.

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LFH Index shows flooding probability at meanders using morphometry of river, whereas HEC-RAS model predict flooding extent for each buffers of rivers by hydrolic and topographic data . In this study we have tried to find a simple method to replace HEC -RAS model by making a relationship between these two methods of prediction. Hence, we defined range of natural levees during field observation by a GPS set and draw a plan of river on a topographic map of scale 1:2000 . Then, LFH index was calculated for 31 River bend. Finally, the flood zones having deferent returns times was identified by the HEC --RAS and HEC-GeoRAS extension and its association with various amounts LFH indices were evaluated using SPSS software . The results showed that there isn’t significant correlation between flood zones and LFH index values . Replacing flood zones by the natural levees distances used in LFH and consideration of other parameters fixed, LFH values separately for each period was calculated and its relationship with real LFH indices was tasted . Results showed that there is a highest correlation with the 2 year computational LFH and we can predict 2-year flood zone indirectly second degree polynomial regression model.

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One of the major steps in regional planning is recognition of economic, social, cultural, and political inequality as well as other development aspects in different regions. The objective of this study is to analyze and examine the development trend of different cities of the East Azerbaijan province as possessed development indicators between 1997 and 2012. The research is a descriptive one and in terms of data collecting it is a documentary research. Weighted numerical taxonomy method and cluster analysis were applied for classification and also standard deviation for analyzing the development trend of the East Azerbaijan over the mentioned period. The average score of numerical taxonomy of province’s cities showed that facilities and services did not develop enough to fit the population in various areas of the province. Standard deviation of numerical taxonomy scores have reached from 0.136 to 0.083 which indicates a decline both in development gap and in inequalities among cities of the province.  The redults show that cities of Tabriz and Maragheh are the most developed cities while Khoda-afarin and Charavimagh the poorest cities of the province. In general, cities of the the eastern half of the province are more developed than those of western half of the province. Regarding development downward trend among cities of Azerbaijan province since 1997 to 2012 and also a decline in inequalities level in the province it is said that a decline in inequalities amongst cities led to a decrease in the degree of development throughout the geographical scope of the province. Continuity of this trend will intensify the deprivation crisis throughout the development process of the province.

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Seeking new sources of groundwater as a source of drinking water in the world due to increasing demand for this vital world is necessary and inevitable.In recent years due to excessive interpretations of these resources the plains are dropping in a way that the depletion of aquifer is more than feeding it. And it causes a negative balance and positive feedback and finally leads to collapse of system. Factors such as population growth, the need for food, the need to improve health and social welfare, industrial development and the protection of ecosystems is increasing water demands every day. That's why the choosing an appropriate and effective, yet professional approach, in order to solve problems faced by water resource management, is necessary. Identify underground water  resources, identify areas with high potential and improving the removal of these resources are the most important goals. The study area is the catchment area of NURABAD MAMSANI of about 756 square kilometers is located in Fars Province in the northwestern part. In this study, the Shannon entropy were studied using 9 raster layer of the area to locate potential sources of underground water basin. And the results of the study showed that the lowest sensitive areas located in the Central Plains that it will take approximately 64% of the areas. And more sensitivity is related to the southern plain which is equal to 2% that is covered 16 kilometers of the area. Results of Shannon entropy model using (ROC) curve showed that the amount of AUC is 85% which is a high and acceptable amount.

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ABSTRACT

Soil erosion and sediment production is including fundamental limitations in the useing of soil and water resources. The sediment yield of watersheds in addition to the loss of soil and soil fertility decline, caused reducing water quality. Therefore, evaluation processes that govern their behavior to better understand and explain the systems Watershed management practices is essential. The aim of this study is to estimate the total sedimentation determine of the basin. Studies obtained in the sub-basin of Saman 1, Vrkbar 1, four level 2 including R and R2 provides the same results in other sub-basins and the results have changed slightly. After calculating the data in tables results were compared with geomorphology. The results obtained by Hydro physical indicated that the basin Hryqan 2 with scaling potential 9.724 (including R2) in km2 highest and sub-basin four level 2 scaling potential 1.147 have been severity of erosion, but the way geomorphology sub-basin fence Tea 1 with producing potential 07 / 6 highest and sub-basin Hryqan 1 with producing potential 226/1147 least erosion was in the case study. The results obtained in the method Hydro physical indicated the index R2 be the better results than the R. comparing the two models showed that for determining erosion potential watershed geomorphology method is more suitable from method of Hydro physical.

Key word: hydro physical model, erosion, geomorphology model, sediment, saman watershed.

Introduction

Nearly 2 billion tons of resource soil   is destroyed and massive damage equivalent to 18.5 × 1012 Rails enter the country. Therefore to prevent this damage, it is needed adopt suitable management for preventing erosion and sediment movement. Soil erosion is one form of soil degradation. While erosion is a natural process, human activities have increased by 10-40 times the rate at which erosion is occurring globally. Excessive (or accelerated) erosion causes both "on-site" and "off-site" problems. On-site impacts include decreases in agricultural productivity and (on natural landscapes) ecological collapse, both because of loss of the nutrient-rich upper soil layers. In some cases, the eventual end result is desertification. Off-site effects include sedimentation of waterways and eutrophication of water bodies, as well as sediment-related damage to roads and houses. Water and wind erosion are the two primary causes of land degradation; combined, they are responsible for about 84% of the global extent of degraded land, making excessive erosion one of the most significant environmental problems world-wideSoil erosion is a naturally occurring process on all land. The agents of soil erosion are water and wind, each contributing a significant amount of soil loss each year. Soil erosion may be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed, or it may occur at an alarming rate causing serious loss of topsoil. The loss of soil from farmland may be reflected in reduced crop production potential, lower surface water quality and damaged drainage networks  To archive to the aim the accurate data about the erosion in the watershed is necessary (intended, H. 1389: 18). Since soil erosion can be studied qualitatively and quantitatively, there are many models and more models for evaluation and were not giving much information about the erosion of soil. Specify a successful strategy to prevent erosion and reduce soil erosion depends on the mutual understanding between soil quality and erosion.

Material and methods 

In order to achieve the purpose of the research the case study be studied and identify based on the model of geomorphology and geo physical. In this study, to obtain the production of sediment and soil erosion the geomorphology and hydro physical models be used. In the research,   to prepare the database for estimation of sediment and erosion suitable map were produced, the including topography map, slop map, land use map, caver map,   the layer database in the environment GIS  software corrected and analysis.  In the research using hydro physical and geomorphology models was used to estimate erosion and sediment production. Many data were collected by field.

Result

According to the results of study in Table 11 by Hydro physical model -sub-basin Hryqan 2 with producing potential 9.724 (including R2) highest and sub-basin four level 2 sby producing potential 1.147 least severe erosion was, but in the geomorphology model sub-basin fence Tea 1 by producing potential 07/6 was the highest rate producing erosion and sediment in case study and    Hryqan 1 basin with producing potential 226/1147 be least erosion in the case study. The results of table 4 showed then the hydro physic model including R2 have better results than R, because the results obtained with R2 in the geomorphology model showed the   closer result. After calculating the data in tables results were compared with geomorphology. The results obtained by Hydro physical indicated that the basin Hryqan 2 with scaling potential 9.724 (including R2) in km2 highest and sub-basin four level 2 scaling potential 1.147 have been severity of erosion, but the way geomorphology sub-basin fence Tea 1 with producing potential 07 / 6 highest and sub-basin Hryqan 1 with producing potential 226/1147 least erosion was in the case study. The results obtained in the method Hydro physical indicated the index R2 be the better results than the R. comparing the two models showed that for determining erosion potential watershed geomorphology method is more suitable from method of Hydro physical.

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Introduction:
At the intra-rural level, the term "rural form" can be defined as the physical structure and pattern of rural elements and in other words, defines rural form as the spatial pattern of the large, inert, permanent physical objects in a rural. In this regard, five general/ basic elements of rural Form are building type; infrastructures; land use; density; layout that base is for assay, evaluation and or organizing (renovation) of rural deteriorated textures (RDT); because of Rural deteriorated texture (RDT) is often created without any pre-defined plans and they have irregular structures. Thus, they need planning and coordinated intervention so that they could be organized. In this regards, yet scientifically appraisal has been not for Basic elements ranking for organizing of rural deteriorated textures. On the other hand, Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method has been introducing as a one of the most application ranking methods recently. Therefore, research aim is use Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method for ranking and evaluation of rural deteriorated textures with emphasis on Basic elements of rural Form.
 
Methodology:
The method of this research was descriptive and usage; Data gathering was done through library and field. 260 rural household questionnaires & 15 local manager in fifteen of rural deteriorated textures in the metropolises around of Tehran in eight provinces of the Tehran province selected (by using Kernel Density Estimation methods (KDE) & GIS software) and 15 questionnaires of the expert researchers (to have weight to criterias) were described and analyzed. In research being implemented by using the known indicators through entropy method & with regard to their importance are weighted & then being ranked according to these indicators & Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method. Too, being used SPSS and EXCEL.
 
Results:
Based on the results of criterias, Saleh abad sharghi rural is more favorable in Basic elements of rural Form and Then are to arrangement; Ghaleh boland rural, Hesar mehtar, Atashan, Mazdaran, Ramin, Hasan abad bagherof, Zavareh bid, Hesar koochak, Vastar, Jafar abad bagherof, Ghoeinak rakhshani, Kabir abad; Yahar, Mashhad firuzkuh by use Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method.
 
Conclusion:
Findings of the research show that the fifteen rural studied are different in terms of the status of the existing rural form (elements and components); that is to say Mashhad-e-firoozkouh rural is unfavorable compared to other rural areas in the existing status of Basic elements of rural Form and Then are to arrangement; Yahar rural, Kabir abad, Ghooeinak rakhshani, Jafar abad bagherof, Vastar, Hesar koochak, Zavareh bid, Hasan abad bagherof, Ramin, Mazdaran, Atashan, Hesar mehtar, Ghaleh boland, and ultimately Saleh abad sharghi are located in the east. In general, the current status of the rural form in Damavand province has less favorable conditions than other province; and Then are to arrangement; Pishva provinces, Tehran, Shahriar, Rei, Varamin, Firoozkuh, and ultimately Robat karim are located in the east. Hence, due to the undesirable condition of the rural form (elements and components), especially in nine of the above mentioned rural (including Mashhad firouzkuh, yahar, kabir abad, Ghoeinak rakhshani, Jafar abad bagherof, Vastar, Hesare koochak, Zavareh bid, Hasan abad bagherof) or Particularly in five provinces (including Damavand, Pishva, Tehran, Shahriar, Rei), it is necessary to organizing (renovation) in various dimension of simultaneously and balanced with the participation and cooperation of the local people (as the main actors) and the organizations and institutions Concerned (public, private, and NGOs as facilitators).

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Monitoring of Dupiagh landslide in the Ahar-chaiy basin based on PSInSAR method of RADAR Interferometry and GPS
Introduction
Landslides are one of the most common and dangerous threats in the world that generate considerable damage and economic losses. Landslides detection and monitoring are two important research aspects of landslides analysis. There are different geodetic and non-geodetic methods to measure slope instability. Geodetic methods includes ground observations via GPS, Total Station and laser scanners. Observation based on mentioned methods provide accurate and continuous measurements at limited points in unstable regions, but none of them has the ability to determine the extent and pattern of spatial unstable regions. On the other hand, the repetition of each of these methods, especially when it is intended for a large area, is very costly and time-consuming. The existence of such constraints has always been one of the fundamental challenges faced by researchers in relation to precise measurements and spatial monitoring of land surface changes. Due to the fact that landslides directly affect the surface of the earth, the use of remote sensing techniques in instability studies of the slopes seems to be very suitable. Among the remote sensing techniques, radar interferometry (InSAR), capable of working in all weather conditions and the duration of night and day, is one of the most effective and efficient techniques for detecting and monitoring the steady change of the earth's surface. Of course, the lack of spatial and temporal correlations in available radar images limits the use of conventional radar interferometry to monitor the displacement of ground level. Persistent Scatter Interferometry (PSI) is the advanced InSAR technique which has significantly improved upon traditional InSAR methods by increasing the accuracy of results (millimeter scale precision). The main objective of this project was to detection and monitoring of Ahar Chai sub basin landslides based on PSI technique.
Matherials & Methods
This landslide with an area of about 42 hectares is located near the village of Dupiagh, located in Ahar city and 22 km on the Ahar-Varzaghan axis, in East Azarbaijan province, Iran. The geographical coordinates of the study area is N38 29´ and E46 49´.
For detection and monitoring of the landslide, the PSIn-SAR method was implemented on 22 ASAR images (with descending orbital modes) recorded between October, 20030502 and 20100709 by ENVISAT satellite in VV Polarization.
For detection and monitoring of Dupiagh landslide, the PSInSAR method was implemented on mentioned ASAR images. SARscape5.2 software on the platform of ENVI 5.3 was employed to process the radar images and to extract the persistent scatterers.
The PSInSAR processing technique was performed within five stages including: (1) selection of master image or connection graph selection. (2) Interferometry or interferometric workflow stage consisting of co-registration and differential interferogram generation parts. (3) First step inversion for selection of the candidate persistent scatterer points. (4) Inversion: second step including phase unwrapping and filter implementation stages. (5) Geocoding or conversion of the phase into displacement. Finally, The PSInSAR method results compared with dual-frequency -GPS measurement.
Discussion of Results & Conclusions
Based on the ASAR images processing by PSInSAR method, results showed that some parts of Dupiagh landslide are still active and displacement rate of the this landslide was obtained 12.4 mm/year duration of 2003 to 2010. While, the ground surface displacement velocity was estimated between 58 to -22.5 mm/year in the Ahar Chaiy sub basin duration the mentioned period.
The results of GPS measurement indicated that the Dupiagh landslide was inactive duration of observation baseline.
Differential RADAR Interferometry (DInSAR) method in detection and monitoring of landslides has been reported in numerous studies. Also, the study suggests that PSInSAR is a powerful technique to determine displacement and spatial pattern of landslides.
 

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Introduction
Regarding the importance of entrepreneurship especially among rural women and its effects on the economic and social development of today’s societies, explaining the status of entrepreneurial motivation indices (progress) among rural women, as well as identifying factors that can be effective in strengthening these indices, is of great importance. Moreover, investigating this subject in villages of Kurdistan province as one of the less developed regions of Iran considering the economic and employment problems can be regarded as the first stages of study about entrepreneurship; because understanding the status of progress motivation and its affecting factors among rural women entrepreneurs in the area under study can help rural development in different dimensions. Therefore, considering the above cases and in line with entrepreneurship development among rural women of Kurdistan Province, the aim of this study is the analysis of affecting factors on entrepreneurial motivation (progress) among rural women of Kurdistan province; in this regard the present study faces with the following fundamental questions: 
 
1-            What factors affect entrepreneurial motivation (progress) among women living in rural areas of Kurdistan province?
 
    2- How effective are each of the determining factors of the entrepreneurial motivation index (progress) among women living in rural areas of Kurdistan province?
 
Key Words: Need Achievement, Women Entrepreneurs; Rural women; Rural entrepreneurship; Kurdistan province
 
Materials 
In this study, for collecting literature of the subject and review of literature, library studies, articles and the studies related to the subject of the study were used and for the other part of the required information, questionnaire and field study has been used. Validity of the research instrument were evaluated and confirmed as convergent by consulting experts and university professors (face validity). For measuring the reliability, combined reliability coefficients (more than 7/0) and Cronbach's alpha (more than 7/0) were used, and if these coefficients are appropriate, then the research tool is reliable. The statistical population of this study were all women entrepreneurs living in rural areas of Kurdistan province (Sanandaj, Marivan, Saqez and Baneh). The studied sample were determined considering the existing limitations and using Bartlett et al. (2001) table; 100 women (women entrepreneurs) by using a random stratified sampling method and appropriate assignment among the considered women entrepreneurs were selected and the necessary information was collected.
 
 
Method
The present research is considered as an applied research in terms of its purpose. On the other hand, according to the data collection method, this research is classified as descriptive (non-experimental) research among the various methods of descriptive research, the method of this research is a type of correlation research that is specifically based on the structural equation model.  In this study, both descriptive statistics (frequency, frequency percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (correlation analysis, regression, and structural equation model) were used to analyze the data. In this regard, in order to increase the accuracy of data analysis, related softwares such as SPSS and Smart PLS have been used.
 
Discussion about results and conclusion
In the structural model of this study, economic conditions, improvement of the efficient social communication, extension training programs, policies and desirable supportive rules, infrastructure and geographical capabilities of the region and technological accessibility were confirmed as the determining factors of the emergence of progress motivation among the rural women entrepreneurs.   It should be noted that the role of technological accessibility is superior to other determinants and had a stronger effect (426/0).  This indicates that accessibility to new technologies factor such as Internet, in addition to familiarizing the entrepreneur individual to the advances made in the context of his/her desired idea, can easily communicate with experts, consultants and specialists more easily and solve their problems easier and faster and transfer the considered information fast. The results are consistent with the results of the studies of Golrd (2005), Jamshidi et al. (2013), Hosseini Nia et al. (2014) and Roomi and Parut (2008).
Making and presenting radio, television and Internet programs about training entrepreneurial skills, establishing the extension entrepreneurial associations in rural areas and conducting technical and professional training and skill training in villages are among the important issues in the field of extension training programs affecting the creation of progress motivation among the studied rural women entrepreneurs. In other words, through these factors training skills and more specialized skills can be seen among the people of a society. The studied individuals stated that if conducting training classes on different parts of entrepreneurial field (skill training, idea training, marketing, sales, psychology of work and etc.) many of their problems will be resolved, in other words, the basis for supporting individuals will be provided and as a result their motivation will increase to continue work and its development. Also, economic conditions were another determining factor that in this study its relation with progress motivation of the studied rural women entrepreneurs is confirmed with structural model. In this context, important cases such as ease of collateral condition and valid surety to access bank facilities, access to appropriate market for selling products and access to financial resources for the considered business can be mentioned. In this context, it can be said that one of the most important affecting factors on creating and developing every new business is the financial factor and then the financial facilities (loan) that can be received in that field. Access to these cases will have a significant impact on motivation for start, creation and development of the considered business by the rural women entrepreneurs, and in other words, their motivation for progress.  Therefore, in order to emerge and increase the motivation of progress among rural women entrepreneurs in the studied regions, it is suggested to consider special facilities for women entrepreneur to create and develop a business. Also, by determining selling market for the products of individual’s business and eliminating intermediaries and brokers and earning real profits by the entrepreneurs, it would be possible to see the multiplied increase in the individuals’ motivation.
 
 

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The growing population and the excessive and unconditional use of natural resources, especially in the soil, have caused many problems, most notably due to soil erosion and sediment production. To do this research, homogeneous unit maps were prepared using slope mapping, land use and geology maps. Each of the effective factors in erosion and parameters in the models were measured separately in each unit of operation, and finally, for each sub-area, the erosion and annual sediment production were calculated. Land use map was prepared using Landsat satellite ETM sensor images after classifying. Based on the results of this study, annual production sediment yield by MPSIAC method in the sub-basin of Unit A of the studied basin was 126.33 cubic meters per square kilometer, 6106 tons per hectare, in unit B sub-basin, respectively 74 cubic meters per cubic meter Kilometers square 167, 1804 t / ha and sub unit C were 150.36 m 3 / km, 9659 t / ha, respectively. The results of the comparison of erosion rates in determining the accuracy of the methods showed that the MPSIAC method is more suitable for estimating erosion and annual precipitation production in the natural and climatic conditions of the studied basin than the other two methods.

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Changes in temperature, rainfall and precipitation type organisms may be life threatening, therefore it must be studied from different aspects. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes, using random data generator LARS-WG5 in the period 2008-1981 on the one hand and to detect and predict future changes in these variables between 2011 and 2030. Using the results of this research can be reduced negative impacts of climate change in the region. And more compatible with the new conditions, particularly in terms of culture, cultures and other measures and environmental management products provided. The required data from the General Directorate of Meteorology Gilan produced and became a model format. After calibration, and evaluation of past data, survey data and the data of the previous model in the future to produce the data, the model was implemented. Study showed that average minimum and maximum temperatures predicted by the model MPEH5 by considering three scenarios, the trend is all months that It confirms the results of the three scenarios. About the average annual rainfall, the results of the model with the A1B scenario shows better serve the increasing 3.2mm. The distribution of rainfall has changed compared to the baseline. The highest rainfall in autumn and winter and summer, with average rainfall of 43.51mm faces fall. The study emphasizes that the minimum and maximum average temperature is projected to increase in all seasons and Changes in precipitation and reduced summer precipitation 43.51mm, the water resources of the region at stake. These changes reduce the amount of freezing rain and snow line altitude increases, reduced water supply in the area of agriculture is one of the poles.

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 Abstract
 
In the current age of increasing population and urban expansion,Have Increased use of motor vehicles in cities And forecasts of car park locations in these cities have been taken into consideration. The expansion of Mashhad in recent decades and the increasing number of cars and related problems such as traffic, increased fuel consumption, air pollution, waste of time citizens etc. The need to pay attention to the use of urban public parking in urban development plans is increasingly emphasized. Currently, District 1 of Mashhad Municipality is facing traffic and environmental problems due to its high density of administrative and commercial uses. Therefore, locating public parking spaces to reduce traffic congestion and its problems seems to be an effective step in urban planning. This is an applied and descriptive-analytical study. Data were collected through library and field studies from relevant organizations. Arc GIS and fuzzy logic model-ANP were used for these analyzes. According to the studies carried out in this field, 8 criteria for parking location were selected and using ANP model and fuzzy logic, each criterion was weighted and mapped in ARC GIS software and finally different layers on The convention and the right place to build a public parking lot have been identified. The results of this study show that the distribution of public parking lots is in good condition but the number of parking lots is less than the demand.