---

Tourism has significant potentials as a motivator of economic growth and development. In recent years, geotourism has gained attention of the tourists and researchers as one of the traveling branches. Iran has unique natural attractions. In the meantime, the Kurdistan province has a special place in tourism country of natural and cultural. The aim of this study was to evaluate of Sarvabad township geomorphosites capabilities. Sarvabad township located in northwest of Iran in Kurdistan province. Due to geographical situation and locating in Zagros Mountains zone, Sarvabad township possesses natural and cultural tourism attraction. The research method is descriptive and analytical and the data were collected by documentary and filed study and the region geomorphosite geotourism capabilities have been evaluated by Pereira and Reynard methods. The results of Pereira and Reynard methods showed that among nine selected geomorphosites in the studied area, Servan river had highest score 13.64 and Kosalan highland gained lowest score 9.24. In management scope, Sirvan river obtained highest score and springs had the highest scores in geompgrplogic level. The reason for lowest scores of some landforms according to Pereira method was lack of infrastructures, equipments and supporting services and proper access way. The results of Reynard method showed that Selver water fall by score of 0.58 of total mean has better condition relative to other landforms. Of course, geomorphosites scores interval was close in Reynard method. Generally, according to Pereira and Reynard methods, there are similarities from indictors’ perspective in spite of having differences in both methods. Geomorphosite with highest scores are good for tourism investment and planning and geomorphosites with lowest scores should be considered and their problems should be solved in order to reach to medium and good level.

---

To solve the economic and social problems of villagers, Planning entrepreneurship development among them, one of the most important strategies That agree on that Thinkers and researchers of rural development. Villagers residing in Boyerahmad county Among the residents of the country are the country That's right now in terms of development indicators in particular in the field of economic indicators are in poor condition. Due to the Entrepreneurial Entrepreneurship Capabilities in the development of local communities That It is said to be from it as an economic development engine, Researchers in this research Which is Analytical descriptive type, they want Evaluate Enjoy the villagers in Boyerahmad county from entrepreneurial indices, and identify Factors Affecting Entrepreneurship Development in a template an experimental model. for provide The necessary field and background to develop entrepreneurship in the study area. It forms the research community 26483 supervisors of rural households in Boyerahmad county and Given the time and money constraints and the impossibility of census, was considered 220 villagers as a statistical sample. The results of the research showed Average final score of villagers from Indicators of Entrepreneurship was 2.8 and Has been evaluated Lower than average. The main reason for this is important Can be attributed Invalid indicators of indicators as Innovation, Knowledge on work techniques, Creativity and Risk taking in the study area. Results of the fitted final equation of structural equations regarding Factors Affecting Development of Indicators of Entrepreneurship Among the villagers in Boyerahmad county shows Six identified factors (Economic, educational, supporting infrastructure, environmental resources and communication), With the effect of the whole 667% at a confidence level of 99% Have a meaningful effect On development of entrepreneurship indicators among villagers in Boyerahmad county.

---

     Human activities often leave inconsistent impacts on land landscapes and ecosystems. The current research was conducted to investigate the changes in land use based on analyzing the land landscape plot metrics using remote sensing and GIS in Miandoab city.  For this purpose, spot and sentinel images with 10-cm resolution were prepared for the years 2005 and 2017. Then, images were classified after performing pre-processing and radiometric corrections in the ENVI 5.1 software, using artificial neural network algorithm. It should be noted 7 classes, including water zones, salt marsh, rangelands, garden lands, agriculture lands, arid lands, and human-made lands) were extracted using this algorithm.  Finally, after verifying the results, the changes were calculated and land surface land landscape metrics were calculated to quantify structural changes using the FRAGSTAT software.  The results analysis indicated that human-made lands (28.77 km2), garden lands (143.61 km2), salt marsh (2.53 km2) increased in the study area and other land uses decreased. CA metric also shows the same changes. Metric investigation of number of spots also showed that the current land uses in this city is unstable, so that garden lands increased from 1611 spots in 2005 to 4912 spots in 2017, and other land uses showed the similar increase. By comparing and examining the results and metrics obtained, it could be stated that land landscape structure in Miandoab in the current situation is in the disturbance situation due to the destruction and inappropriate use of resources, indicating the destruction development process in this area. This research results emphasize on the need to pay more attention to the sustainable exploitation of the land and prevent its destruction in this city.
 

---

One of the problems in today's cities is  lack of proper land use planning and the overuse of various types of motor vehicles especially private cars, which lead to traffic congestion and increased energy consumption resulting to side effects such as increased atmospheric and noise pollution, reduced health and quality degradation. The present research has been conducted to evaluate the effects of land use planning on travel generation and energy consumption in Tabriz city and is descriptive-analytical in terms of its applied and descriptive nature. With regard to three intensive cities approaches, intelligent growth and transport planning, indicators have been developed to study the impact of urban land use on travel and energy consumption. Using the radius of access in the network analysis, which is one of the tools for reviewing the range of urban services in the GIS, the indicators surveyed by the GIS show a more favorable situation of the city's central regions than urban suburbs, and there is an appropriate infrastructure in this part of the city. This issue necessitates more attention to the planning of land use in the whole city of Tabriz, especially in the suburbs. This is because it reduces the people’s use of the suburbs in case the existing problems in the areas are eliminated and their needs are met.  A city in the city center will reduce traffic and reduce travel both in the center and in the suburbs.

---

Border market place the subject of this research has been topic a lot of research. The end of  This research is describe and explain the environmental effects of border exchanges before and after the construction of temporary border markets in the region. The aim of this research is to describe and explain the economic, social, physio, cultural and hygienically impacts of border exchanges before and after the construction of temporary border marketplace and the role of this phenomenon on the improve of livability. In the present research and in term of research methodology, we use both qualitative and quantitative methods in the following ways. Deductive strategy for investigating the research problem, two conventional methods of research; library and survey research, preparing and distributing 90 and 360 questionnaires for the evaluating of villages for collecting data, SPSS software, independent T-test and Wilcoxon test for statistical analysis of quantitative data, and the professors' viewpoints, executive directors' opinions, research achievements and field observations of the researcher for qualitative data have been used. Research findings indicate that people's employment in border exchanges has resulted in Temporary border markets have brought about positive changes in the indicators related to the economic, social and physical aspects of the rural settlement of the border areas of the region, especially the increase in income, population consolidation, the increase of renovation housing and, to a certain extent, the strengthening of rural housing, and as one of the activities The main features of residents of border settlements have an effective role in livelihoods diversity, reducing the unsustainability of rural settlements and improving livability of border regions of Kurdistan province, and the continuation of this activity will lead to the well-being of border settlements.

---

Today, the development of the village or any settlement system, compared to the past, has a wide connection with the concept of management, and in fact, management is an influential factor in development that can not only accelerate the development process but can be said to be the only factor to  Achieve development. Effective rural management requires the use of new managerial perspectives, which is one of the new approaches to good governance, in other words, good rural governance. In this regard, the present study aims to; Explanation and investigation of the effective components on the realization of good rural governance in rural settlements, the central district of Poldakhtar county and the Mosian district of Dehloran county have been compiled. Data collection is based on library and survey resources. The statistical population is studied by experts and specialists in the field. Demitel technique was used to analyze the data. The relationship between good governance and sustainable rural development was assessed according to the type of research data using Pearson test. The results of causal relations in Demetel method show that in the central district of  Poldakhtar county; The components of efficiency and effectiveness were identified as the most effective and legality of the most impression indicator, and in the Mosian district of Dehloran county, the component of intercession was identified as the most effective and justice indicator as the most impression indicator of good rural governance. Findings of correlation coefficients of good governance and rural sustainability variables in the central district of Poldakhtar indicate that there is a positive relationship between rural governance and the components of legality, responsibility, collective agreement and justice and sustainability and all its components except social sustainability (p≤0.05). Findings of correlation coefficients of variables of good governance and rural sustainability in Mosian district of Dehloran county indicate that there is not a significant relationship between rural governance and the components of participation, responsibility, collective agreement and efficiency and effectiveness with sustainability and components of social, economic and environmental sustainability(p>0.05).

---

Because the presence of tourists can generate income for the people of a city or country, tourism development policy at the urban and national levels is of interest to policymakers. Tourist service offices usually have played an important role in this regard and this study was conducted to investigate the role of these offices on the development of tourism in Tabriz metropolis. Therefore, the present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical method with a quantitative approach and documentary and field studies were used to collect data and information. The research area is the metropolis of Tabriz. The statistical population also includes; 1464 insured employees of travel agencies are licensed by the Municipality of Tabriz and worked in 122 travel agencies. To determine the sample size, Cochran's formula was used and 304 people were selected as a research sample by simple random sampling. Spearman correlation test and structural equations in pls software were used to analyze the data and information. The results showed that among the indicators of the number of travel agencies in Tabriz metropolis, the performance of travel service staff, knowledge and skills of travel service staff, empowerment of travel service staff, use of travel service IT and attracting tourists at the level Alpha 0/01 There is a positive and significant relationship and these factors have a positive and undeniable effect on tourist attraction by travel agencies in the study area. Also, in terms of influencing tourist attraction in the studied geographical area, the performance of office workers with a beta of 0/269, knowledge and skills of office workers with a beta of 0/121, the use of information and communication technology with a beta of 0/701 have positive and significant effects. In attracting tourists in the metropolis of Tabriz.