---

---

Quality of life is one of the factors that today has a special place in urban studies. Efforts to improve the quality of life and its satisfaction in dysfunctional urban areas, especially in metropolises, due to a problem called burnout, and this problem has caused vulnerability and severe dissatisfaction with the quality of life in these tissues, has now become one Urgency and necessity have become. Therefore, in this paper, the purpose of identifying and measuring the effect of factors affecting the quality of life in inefficient tissues in the 12th district of Tehran is to enhance and improve the quality of life environment in these tissues. Based on this, the basis of assessing the quality of life in the inefficient tissue of the 12th district of Tehran is a measure of satisfaction with the quality of life in these tissues from residents' point of view. Statistical methods such as T-test, multivariate regression and Path analysis have been used to measure the effect of factors affecting quality of life. The method of this research is "applied" from the point of view of the "descriptive-analytical" study method and the collection of data and data is in both documentary-survey and deductive-deductible. The sample size of the study was 384 with regard to the inefficient tissue population of the 12th district of Tehran and using the Cochran formula. The validity of the questionnaire components was verified by a number of experts and faculty members of the university. Also, to verify the reliability of the research tool Also, the pre-test method and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used. This coefficient was calculated for total indices of questionnaire 0.791 which indicates the appropriate and acceptable reliability of the questionnaire's tool and its structural validity is examined by factor analysis. The results of the research show that the satisfaction of the components of housing, physical-physical, social, economic, transport, environment and services is significant and indicates a low level of quality in these indices. Housing, physical, environmental and economic factors have the most effect on satisfaction with poor quality of life in 12th district of Tehran.

---

One of the new approaches in housing studies is measuring the various dimensions of housing in the form of sustainability indicators. Therefore, the main aim of the research is to explain the effects of sustainability components on the efficiency of social housing, which has been used to achieve goals, a combination of descriptive-analytical and causal methods. The statistical population of the study was social housing of Parand, which 382 were selected as the statistical sample. The main instrument of the research is a researcher-made questionnaire. With the initial processing of the content of the questionnaire and its thematic categorization, the observed variables were obtained for the five components of the sustainability constructor. The initial description of the variables indicated that they were lower than the average of sustainability and the efficiency weakness in terms of sustainability components. Five first-order confirmatory factor analysis models were developed and validated for measuring five subsamples of housing efficiency measurements. Finally, the role and effect of the observed variables and their five components on the measurement of social housing efficiency, as the main hidden dependent variable, and their relationships, were analyzed by means of a structural model of the fifth-factor confirmatory factor analysis. Regarding the general effects and final path coefficients, the results indicate that by eliminating the effects of measurement errors in the structural equation approach, the assessment of the social housing efficiency is influenced by the environmental, social, economic, cultural, physical and physical components, respectively Which is somewhat different from the results of describing the observed raw variables. In the efficiency of social housing.

---

The Study of the spatial and temporal variations of groundwater quality plays an important role in the management of watershed fields in arid and semi-arid regions. Future climate parameters were predicted using HADCM3 and LARS-WG models under B1 and A2 scenarios and the data of minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation and sunny hours of the base period (1992-1993) in the Silakhor -Borujerd agricultural plain. Dry and wet years were determined Using SPI drought index during the base period and future. Using the water quality data of 18 wells in the study area, the distribution of TDS, EC, PH, SAR parameters was studied using four main methods of geostatistic zoning (IDW, RBF, Kriging and Cokriging). The best model was selected using the root mean square root mean square error (RMSE). Finally, the effects of climate change and droughts on the geochemical parameters of water were investigated using factor analysis and analysis of variance. The results showed that for pH, TDS, SAR and EC parameters, conventional cokriging, simple coccygeal, simple cokriging and simple cokriging were more suitable. Among the studied parameters, TDS and EC had the highest correlation with mean temperature and SAR had no high correlation with the climate parameters. The pH parameter has a strong negative and significant negative temperature. The findings indicated that drought periods have no significant effect on water quality except PH. Climate change studies shows that by increasing the minimum and maximum temperatures, TDS and EC will increase in the future.

---

Vegetation plays an essential role in regional and global ecosystem stability. The change in terrestrial net carbon uptake is principally affected by varying vegetation productivity and the Earth’s climate is regulated by vegetation through evapotranspiration, surface albedo, and roughness. The purpose research is monitoring the trend of vegetation changes (NDVI) in Najaf abad County using Time Series Images and Mann-Kendall test (2003-2019). In this study, 16-day data of normalized vegetation difference index (NDVI) of MODIS Aqua in time interval 2003- 2019 temporal resolution of 500 meters have been used. Mann-Kendall test used for assessing trend of the index in Najafabad County. The results showed that in the first period (2003- 2013) the amount trend of vegetation is moderate and increasing. The peak of amount increase in vegetation 2005-2007. From 2013- 2016 year the increasing- decline trend shows itself in the same way, until from 2016- 2019 year, decline intense trend witness and once in amount of vegetation in this area, once land use changes and climate fluctuations and drought can be considered one of the main reasons the declining trend vegetation in Najafabad County. The greatest trend of declining vegetation in the southern and southeastern as occurred in urban areas, this trend can indicate high urban growth and land use change from vegetation to construction in this county. Aa well as, irrigated cultivation in the county has during the study period intense decline faced, this issue leads to change land use from irrigated cultivation to other uses in the area.

---

Abstract
One of the factors that sometimes leads to the complete destruction of vineyards is the danger of temperatures below zero degrees Celsius. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature hazards on the destruction of the western and northwestern vineyards of Iran.The results show that the most frequent days with a devastating cold wave in the region's vineyards occur on average on January 14 (January 25th). The lowest critical temperature among meteorological stations is related to Saghez weather station in Kurdistan province with negative 33 ° C and afterwards, Hamadan, Bostanabad and Sarab cities with record temperatures below 30 ° C. The cities of the study area are. The results showed that 60% of the studied cities with all available Iranian and foreign cultivars could survive the cold season without the threat of severe winter cold conditions.
Key words: Grapes, winter cold, west and northwest
 
Introduction:
Grapes are warm and resistant to temperate zone plants, but despite the resistance of different grape varieties to cold, the resistance to cold in the hair is the same ability of the grape's sleeping tissues to survive under freezing stress conditions. It is autumn and winter, sometimes due to temperature stresses and unexpected damages(Jalili Marandi, R, 2010: 918).Rezazadeh and Alijani (2017)­, Synoptic analysis of the damaging cold waves of northwestern Iran. The results of this study showed that their monthly abundance is in the transition months of November and April and these two months have experienced more severe and pervasive cold waves than the other months. Mahmoudi (2016),  A study of the mean atmospheric circulation leading to widespread glaciation in Iran showed that in the circulation pattern of sea level pressure, the spatial arrangement of the Siberian high-pressure system and its interactions with the two polar low pressure systems (low pressure Iceland) and low pressure Sudanese monsoon is the most important push players in the maximum and minimum incidence of frosts in Iran.
 
Material & Methods
The study area includes West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Qazvin, Hamadan, Zanjan, Markazi and Kurdistan provinces. The climate of this region is mostly from the semi-arid climates and other climates in the region. The data used in this study include the minimum temperature parameter of 85 synoptic stations in the west and northwest of Iran during the period 1996 to 2014. It is also used to identify synoptic patterns (low and high pressure) and effective factor. The extreme cold and the time of its occurrence in the region have been analyzed by synoptic (synoptic) cold wave on January 14th. For this purpose, three hourly statistics of 85 synoptic stations during the period 1996 to 2014 were studied to determine the frost occurrence in the region and then the most frequent day, and the most frequent minimum temperature below 15 ° C, were determined.
Discussion & Result

Statistical analysis of minimum temperatures below -15 ° C that showed destructive temperatures in grape cultivars in western and northwestern Iran after Saghez in Kurdistan province with negative 33 ° C, Hamadan, Bostanabad and Hamadan Mirages are at temperatures below 30 degrees Celsius. Bostanabad, Kheirabad, Sarab; Zarineh Abatoo, Kamijan and Hamadan stations with mean of 15.8, 14.2, 11.3, 9.4, 8.7 and 8.4 days in one year, respectively, with the most days with Negative temperatures are 15 ° C and lower.Khendab stations with a temperature of 24.8 ° C and the cities of Bostanabad, Khoy and Hamadan with temperatures below 20 ° C have the most frequent temperatures below 15 ° C. Khandab city, in addition to its higher altitude, due to the dry and semi-arid climate and lack of sufficient humidity to reduce the effect of cold air transmitted along with the entry of cold-glacial waves from all stations in more critical condition contract .The analysis of the synoptic maps of January 14, as the average of the most frequent day of the lowest minimum temperature in the region, indicates that the orbital component is positive and the meridional component negative. Such conditions increase the intensity and magnitude of the extremely cold winter time in the region.
Conclusion:
Examination of the 500 hPa surface pressure map on high cold days such as January 21, 2007 shows that by observing the status of Azores tropical high pressure, Siberian surface thermal high pressure, and Iceland polar low pressure In addition, observations of 1022 hPa at ground level and 5520 hPa at 500 hPa can be predicted at least 1 to 3 days before the cold wave transporting critical temperatures to northwest, western and central parts of Iran. It provides farmers with the opportunity to prepare and provide the equipment needed to prevent and deal with the damaging cold wave.From a temporal point of view, the mean temperature distribution map for the late cultivar can be seen as a result of the close proximity of the phenological stages of fruit formation to the arrival and harvesting of cooler months (especially at lower temperatures at night). It is not suitable for the growth of diseases such as fungal infections of superficial white matter.