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Abstract To improve our understanding of geomorphological features, morphodynamic systems, process-form relationships analysis, and in an aplication view: protection of biological capabilities of Jolfa-Hadishahr tectonic depression, we performed ergodic method and Facies Architecture Analysis in diverse spatial period. The plain has located between southern Aras river caostline and a part of Ghareh-Dagh mountain chain along Aras river. We forced our evolution reconstruction of landscape with field studies and followed of strata surfaces of Quaternary sediments. The role of tectonic activities in plain construction and structure, resulting from tentional movements, plain landscape, and Quaternary alluvial fans structures and accomodation spaces are imparative. Results showed that tectonic activities and lithological properties are more effective factors on morphometric charactristics of geomorphologic units. The plain is a pedimont and the Dara-Diz alluvial fan is the main geomorphological unit on it. The deletion of Quaternary unconsolidated conglomerate cap deposits on marly Miocene formations is the main problem on the plain. The type of geomorphic response to human impacts on earth surface processes described here may represent a manifestation of geomorphic change.

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Abstract Understanding the physical characteristics of any particular regional climate features can play major role in land use planning. Climatic zoning of each region to identify possible environment and to exploit them, and to know the limitations and hazards in order to anticipate, is essential. According to the environmental and religious diversity, of climate on the northern and north-west of Iran, in this study the climatic zoning of the area was carried out. For this purpose, the data from annual average of 18 elements in 34 synoptic stations in the climate region with a common 21-year period (1985-2005) were used. The methods of factor and cluster analyses were used for this study. The factor analysis with principal components method, 18 elements in 5 regional climatic factors were summarized. These factors, in order of importance the factors humidity-precipitation, temperature, wind, thunder and dust. A total of 93.35% of these factors explain the behavior of the local climate. After determining factor, using cluster analysis method based on the integration, and the measure of distance, as well as regional stations were grouped according to the operating characteristics. The station had parallels in a climate group and thus 10 different climatic areas in the North and North-west of Iran were identified.

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Temperature is one of the most important climatic variables being effective in specification and distribution of other variables of climate and is one of the main components of the zoning and classification. One way to planning and management is based on the knowledge of the thermal properties and their coverage area. In this study, using cluster and discriminant analysis multivariate methods, temperature zoning in the North West of the country was done. Using Kriging, 720 monthly minimum and maximum temperature maps with 8×8 km dimensions were created. Finally by removing cells out of range, 2436 cells were obtained, and a matrix database was created in the R form in 2436 rows (cells) multiplied 24 columns (variables). By applying cluster analysis four different temperatures in the North West area using Euclidean distance and Ward methods was identified. Discriminant analysis was used for classification and testing the accuracy of the cluster analysis. Based on the results of discriminant and cluster analyses, the groups differ only in %1.6 of the area. This result of the cluster and discriminant analyses also show that there is not a very commanding difference. This can be confirmed with the results of clustering. Each thermal zone was named on the basis of the comparison of each region with Iran’s average temperature (18 T^◦C). These temperature areas are: Very cold area, cold area, semi-cold with cooler day and warmer night and semi-cold with warmer day and cooler night. The identified geographic areas temperature patterns which are more consistent with altitudinal levels unraveled that cluster analysis can be considered as a useful tool for zoning thermal districts.

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Precipitation variability and drought - wet forecasting are related to changes in signals of atmospheric - oceanic.Considering this, the most important goal this study is to investigate the relationship of stations rainfall in the West of Country and the Eastern Mediterranean Oscillation. Hatzaky and Flokas identified two cores using methods of correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) on a monthly and seasonal time series which were situated between the East Mediterranean and Northeastern Atlantic and at 300 and 500 hPa levels that named as the eastern Mediterranean pattern (EMP).To identify the relationship between rainful in west of Iran and eastern meditrranean oscillation,the values of this index which are standardized have been studied and compared with normalized data of country,s west stations rainful,using pearson correlation analysis,linear and polynomial process. The study results show that ther is a negative correlation between the stations precipitation of the north of the under study region and the above mentioned oscillation,and ther is a strong positive correlation in southern stations,that most of them are meaningful at 0.05 level. Also, this study proves that stations precipitation in southern half of the under study region in positive phases increases from 5 to 41 mms and in negative phases decreases from 4 to 20 mms.But, contrary to southern half, in the northern half the rainful increases up to 8 mms in negative phases and precipitation decreases in posetive phases.

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Heavy precipitations and severe floods are one of the most important hazards affecting many parts of the country, including the northwest of the country, and it causes extensive damage to farms, gardens, houses, urban facilities, etc. In this research, the atmospheric conditions accompanying the occurrence of flood events in the northwest of the country on April 14, 2017 are studied. For this purpose, the data of sea level pressure, geopotential height, vertical velocity, zonal and meridional components at pressure levels of 850, 700, 500 and 300 hpa, as well as specific humidity in pressure levels of 1000 and 850 hpa(12 hours before the flood event) were obtained from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts with a .075 -degree spatial resolution and the desired maps were drawn and the following results were obtained. The presence of severe gradient of pressure in the sea level in the northwestern region of the country and the high humidity in the lower atmosphere as well as the presence of western troughs at all levels of the troposphere exacerbate the meridian flows, and cause the subsequent formation of jets at a pressure of 700 to 300 hpa on the northwest region of Iran. On the other hand, extreme ascent, due to the severe vertical shear of the horizontal wind and the presence of a great deal of moisture, especially in the lower layers of the atmosphere, have created cumulonimbus clouds from a pressure level of 850 to 370 hpa, with lightning strikes at a pressure of 850 to 600 hpa. All of the above conditions have caused the instability and flooding and extreme precipitations in this region of the country.

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The analysis of the continuity and frequency of fluctuations and jumps of the cold waves
  (Case Study: Northwest of Iran)
Introduction
 
One of the varieties of climate change is Cyclical Cycles Gradual and calm. Spectral analysis is one of the most useful tools for searching and evaluating these types of climate fluctuations. In recent decades, the application of spectral analysis in climatic fluctuations has received a special attention on a global scale; but in our country less attention has been paid. Detection of climatic cycles, and especially temperature cycles, provides planning based on climatic-temperature data. Since temperature is one of the most important climatic elements that its various states can affect other elements, it is a good indicator for climate change, so fluctuations and temperature variability are of great scientific and practical importance. The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the spatial variations of northwest cooling wave nuclei in different periods. In this study, the fluctuations of cold waves were not analyzed. Therefore, in order to complete the work of previous researchers, we have tried to study the fluctuations and cycles of cold waves in recent decades.
 
Matherials & Methods
In fact, in time series, the trend is simply manifested by drawing a simple linear graph; Therefore, in this analysis, it is attempted to reveal these fluctuations, or in other words, the latent alternatives and, of course, of importance in the series, whether these frequencies are large and occur at small frequencies, or in small fluctuations, and in High frequencies have occurred with a short period of return. In practice, spectral analysis does not speak of time, which means that it is not said that an event occurs at a given time, rather than the probability of occurrence of the cycles that have the most variance in the time series. A tool by which the behavior of a series of cycles can be modeled by trigonometric functions; therefore, in this technique, the waveforms, extraction, and the contribution of each of them in the total variance are determined. Finally, after extraction of variance, all waves are examined statistically significant.
 
 
 Discussion of Results
Since the cooling waves are directly affected by the temperature, therefore, the mutation in the cooling waves, in addition to being influenced by local systems, can lead to human error due to the recording and measurement of the data. Nonetheless, the results of the Alexander Sun model for cooling waves have shown that there has been no jump in the average frequency of cooling waves. This situation is true for other continuities. This situation is true for other continuities. However, there are other behaviors in each series that are called irregular or random variations. These changes are completely random and are the result of unpredictable factors that are in some way irregular. Such changes do not have any definite design, and their occurrence is irregular and usually short-lived. Sometimes their impact is so large that it causes periodic changes and other changes.
 Conclusions
Temperature is one of the most important climatic elements whose fluctuation always causes the formation of climate processes. One of the most important temperature fluctuations is the downward movement that results in cold waves as it passes through a predetermined limit. The cold waves are always considered as having a direct impact on human activities, especially agriculture. These waves can cause irreparable damage in the event of continuity. In this study, a day was chosen as a cold wave, which, in addition to its standard score of less than 1.2, was below the 5th percentile of the same day and covers a spatial extent of 50%. The crustal nuclei were mostly concentrated in the eastern and southern regions of the study area. However, in some of the continuations of the spots of cold wave nuclei, there has been little observation in the north of the studied area. he results of the analysis of the spatial self-dependence model within the decade of this study show that the core of the cold waves was more concentrated in the central regions, especially the uneven topographic regions of the study area. However, in some of the continuations, spots of cold-wave currents have been observed insignificantly in the north of the study area. With these interpretations, over the past few years, from 2010 to 2000, North-West Wave Crystals have been more distributed and dispersed. In recent times, the spatial distribution of the cooling coils has been reduced and the intensity of these waves has been reduced to two to six days.

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