Geographical Space

fa سنجش میزان رضایت ساکنین از کیفیت محیط‌های مسکونی (مورد پژوهی: شهر بعقوبه عراق ) Assessing Resident Satisfaction with the Quality of Residential Environments (Case Study: Baqubah City, Iraq): تخصصي Special كاربردي Applicable نخستین گام در جهت تحقق محیط زندگی مطلوب، سنجش کیفیت زندگی از منظر ساکنان و تبیین مؤلفه‌های کلیدیِ اثرگذار بر میزان رضایت‌مندی آنان از فضای سکونت تلقی می‌گردد. شناسایی عوامل کالبدی و اقتصادی مؤثر بر رضایت، گامی ضروری برای بهبود استانداردهای برنامه‌ریزی شهری و طراحی معماری در این منطقه محسوب می‌شود. بر این اساس این پژوهش با هدف سنجش میزان رضایت ساکنین از کیفیت محیط‌های مسکونی در شهر بعقوبه عراق انجام شده است پژوهش حاضراز نظر هدف کاربردی، از نظر ماهیت کمی و به روش پیمایشی انجام شد. جامعه آماری شامل شهروندان بعقوبه است که ۳۸۴ نفر از آن‌ها به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها، پرسشنامه ۵ درجه‌ای لیکرت با پایایی ۰.۸۳ (آلفای کرونباخ) بود. داده‌ها با نرم‌افزارهای SPSS و AMOS و با استفاده از آزمون تی تک‌نمونه‌ای و مدل رگرسیونی تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها نشان داد میزان رضایت ساکنین از کیفیت محیط‌های مسکونی بالاتر از حد متوسط و در وضعیت مطلوب قرار دارد. تمامی متغیرهای بررسی شده تأثیر معناداری بر رضایت داشتند که رتبه آن‌ها از بیشترین به کمترین عبارت است از: ۱. مساحت واحد مسکونی، ۲. تعداد اتاق، ۳. فاصله تا محل کار، ۴. وضعیت اشتغال، ۵. سطح درآمد، ۶. سن، ۷. جنسیت، ۸. تحصیلات و ۹. نوع مالکیت. رضایت مسکونی در بعقوبه بیش از هر چیز تحت تأثیر فضای داخلی مسکن (مساحت و اتاق‌ها) و ثبات اقتصادی است. برای ارتقای کیفیت زندگی، بازنگری در استانداردهای تفکیک زمین جهت جلوگیری از ساخت واحدهای کوچک و ترویج کاربری‌های مختلط برای کاهش فاصله خانه تا محل کار پیشنهاد می‌گردد.   Introduction A major challenge in contemporary architecture and urban planning is the limited attention paid to quality-of-life determinants and the insufficient consideration of the real needs of people and nature in the design and management of living environments. Over time, this neglect contributes to the reproduction of inefficient and repetitive built forms, which can diminish residential satisfaction and ultimately reduce individual and social quality of life. Because quality of life and sustainable development are mutually related, assessing and improving the quality of residential environments can be viewed as part of sustainability’s social dimension; however, it is also shaped by economic, social, and environmental conditions. Housing, therefore, should not be understood merely as a physical shelter; it must also provide adequate services, secure tenure, and appropriate conditions for everyday life. In the housing literature, residential satisfaction is widely used as a key indicator of housing performance, as it captures the gap between residents’ actual living conditions and their desired situation. Baqubah, Iraq, faces serious challenges in residential environmental quality due to war-related impacts, infrastructural deficiencies, and the expansion of informal settlements. Accordingly, this study aims to measure residents’ satisfaction with the quality of residential environments in Baqubah and identify the factors shaping it through an integrated six-dimensional framework (physical/architectural, infrastructural, environmental, service-related, socio-perceptual, and economic). Materials and Methods This research is applied in purpose and quantitative-survey in method. The statistical population consisted of residents of Baqubah city (capital of Diyala Governorate, Iraq). Using Cochran’s formula, the sample size was calculated as 384 respondents, selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected via a researcher-developed questionnaire titled “Residents’ Satisfaction with the Quality of Residential Environments,” measured on a five-point Likert scale. Reliability was confirmed with Cronbach’s alpha = 0.83. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS and AMOS at both descriptive and inferential levels. After profiling respondents and housing characteristics descriptively, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to assess normality. Overall satisfaction was evaluated using a one-sample t-test with a test value of 3. To examine the conceptual model and test the effects of demographic and physical variables on satisfaction, multiple regression and structural equation modeling (SEM) were employed. Results and Discussion Descriptive results indicated that most respondents were male, employed, and aged 31–40. The majority reported medium income and homeownership, with housing units under 100 m² and typically two bedrooms. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test supported the normal distribution of the data (Sig > 0.05). The one-sample t-test showed a mean residential satisfaction score of 3.54, which is significantly higher than the theoretical midpoint of 3 (t = 7.33, p < 0.001). Regression/SEM findings further demonstrated that gender, age, education, tenure type, employment status, income, unit size, number of rooms, and distance to workplace have positive and statistically significant effects on satisfaction, and the model explains an acceptable proportion of variance (R² = 0.42). In terms of effect strength, unit size and number of rooms were the strongest predictors, followed by distance to workplace and income. This pattern suggests that, in Baqubah, in-dwelling physical attributes and the quality of private space weigh more heavily in shaping satisfaction than other dimensions—potentially reflecting local residential culture and the importance of privacy. Model fit indices confirmed adequacy (RMSEA = 0.07; CMIN/DF = 2.75). Conclusion Overall, residents’ satisfaction with the quality of residential environments in Baqubah is desirable and above average. The most influential drivers are internal physical characteristics of the dwelling (especially unit size and number of rooms), followed by accessibility and economic factors. Policy implications include revising land subdivision and building permit standards to discourage excessively small units, promoting mixed land use and strengthening public transportation to reduce home–work distances, and adopting housing support measures for low-income groups (e.g., affordable loans and reduced maintenance burdens). Finally, diversifying housing design to address the needs of different demographic groups can contribute to improved quality of life and stronger social sustainability in Baqubah.   رضایت مسکونی, کیفیت محیط, شهر بعقوبه, عراق, مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری. Residential Satisfaction, Environmental Quality, Baqubah City, Iraq, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) 273 296 http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-856-11&slc_lang=fa&sid=1 Mostafa Ameer Saeed Al-Abdal jabbar مصطفی امیر سعید ال عبدالجبار mostafatamir0@gmail.com 100319475328460024082 100319475328460024082 No PhD Student in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran دانشجوی دکتری گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران Hossein Nazmfar حسین نظم فر Nazmfar@uma.ac.ir 100319475328460024083 100319475328460024083 Yes Professor of Department of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tabriz , Tabriz, Iran استاد، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران Alireza Mohammadi علیرضا محمدی a.mohammadi@uma.ac.ir 100319475328460024084 100319475328460024084 No 3 Professor of Department of Geography and Urban Planning and Rural Planning University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil Iran Associate Professor of Department of Geography and Urban Planning and Rural Planning University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil Iran Mohammad Hasan yazdani محمدحسن یزدانی yazdani@uma.ac.ir 100319475328460024085 100319475328460024085 No 3 Professor of Department of Geography and Urban Planning and Rural Planning University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil Iran استاد،گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران