@article{ author = {}, title = {Evaluation of Urban Green Gpace and Locating it Using Fuzzy Multi Criteria Desition Making (Case Study of 3rd Municipality Region of Mashhad)}, abstract ={City parks are one of the most important urban land use and states of their distribution in city has high importance in city. District 3 of Mashhad municipal in terms of green space has no appropriate status so that green space per capita is 1.7 m^2 which it is away from United Nations standards and also this district shows low proportion in comparison to Mashhad (with 9.8 m^2per capita) while the district under study wich regard to population has one of the highest densities of Mashhad districts city parks in order to reduce shortage and deficiencies in this area. For this 2 English Abstracts aim the lands of district should be valued based on criteria such as green land, distance from educational and cultural institution, and population density, access to city infrastructure and city arteries and distance from parks and green space. The use of fuzzy logic in the ArcGIS software needed to build it In each phase of the encapsulation layers after combining. The results of the combined land area of information for choosing suitable locations for green space showed priority. Finally, the prioritization of land with land use maps were evaluated, which was consistent with the existing user in the region.}, Keywords = {City park, GIS, Mashhad, Locating, Fuzzy Logic.}, volume = {15}, Number = {49}, pages = {1-17}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1706-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1706-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Investigating Time Changes of the Reference Evapotranspiration in Tabriz}, abstract ={Evapotranspiration is one of the important parameters in the hydrological cycle which has a direct impact on the amount of water available for agriculture. In this study, data obtained from average mean temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, minimum relative humidity, wind speed, and sunshine hours during a 57-year period (2008-1951) were used to estimate the potential evapotranspiration. Potential evapotranspiration values were calculated through introducing the geographical location, including altitude, latitude and longitude of Tabriz station and using nine reliable methods in REF-ET software. According to the obtained results, the best way to calculate this index in the study area was identified to be Blaney-Criddle method. Kendall’s graphic test was also used in order to detect time changes of this index. The results indicated that despite the decline trend of this indicator until 1390s, the potential evapotranspiration has gradually increased 4 English Abstracts over recent years. The maximum increase of evapotranspiration occurs in the middle of spring and autumn and monthly changes of the index show a significant increase for May and October. However, the potential evapotranspiration shows a non-significant trend despite its large fluctuations over summer months (July, August, and September).}, Keywords = {Evapotranspiration, Mann Kendall test, Blany Kerdil, Tabriz.}, volume = {15}, Number = {49}, pages = {19-35}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1707-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1707-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Identifying and Analyzing the Barriers to Tourism Development in Rural Areas of Esfahan Province (Case Study: Abyaneh Village)}, abstract ={The main purpose of this descriptive-correlative study was to identify and analyze the barriers to tourism development in Abyaneh village. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the heads of rural households in the village (N= 160). According to the Morgan & Krejcie table, a sample size of 110 was selected using a simple randomized sampling technique (n= 110). A questionnaire was used to collect the data. A panel of experts confirmed validity of the questionnaire. A pilot study was conducted to establish reliability of the questionnaire. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for the scale of importance of barriers to tourism development in Abyaneh village” was equal to 0.87. Collected data were analyzed using SPSSWin18 6 English Abstracts software. The results of a factor analysis showed that five factors namely, infrastructural, supportive, motivational- cognitive, informative and social-cultural items explained 64.61 percent of total variances of barriers to tourism development in Abyaneh village, respectively. Considering the barriers, it is certain that lack of proper planning and management in solving the barriers, results in reducing rural tourist attractions and diminishing capacity and potential of tourism of the village in the long term and consequently losing tourism markets and the deprivation of local people of numerous benefits of tourism and ultimately making delay in the process of rural development. According to the results, following suggestions have presented in order to reduce barriers to tourism in Abyaneh village, creating the accommodation, health and welfare facilities and equipment at the village, developing a detailed master plan for tourism development with the participation of rural people and related organizations, holding the educational courses for villagers about the importance and benefits of tourism, recruiting and employing the trained personnel to provide guidance and consultation services to tourists and soon.}, Keywords = {Tourism Development, Barriers, Abyaneh Village, Rural People, Esfahan Province.}, volume = {15}, Number = {49}, pages = {37-56}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1708-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1708-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Spatio-temporal analysis and zoning of probable occurrence of wet and dry years in North West of iran}, abstract ={North West of Iran consists of environmental, plant, and animal biodiversity due to its topographic conditions which have been adapted to the present climatic conditions. Long-time fluctuations and changes in climatic elements of the area can result in harmful impacts in environment, agriculture, economy, and even human properties. On this basis we attempted in this paper to evaluate susceptible sections to wet years and droughts in the north west of Iran for the statistical period of 1986-2005 (20 years), by applying the data collected from 55 synoptic, climatic and rain gauging stations of the area.For so doing, we used SPI index in 12-month duration. For studying the wet years and droughts, we produced 240 maps containing all months of the study and applied Kriging interpolation method in 8 English Abstracts Surfer software. Afterwards, were converted to data and the calculations on descriptive statistics including mean, standard circle and oval shapes were accomplished over 4236 cells in ArcView software. The monthly review of the wet and dry years during 240 months having various intensities shows. heterogeneity in intense drought occurrence and weak wet years from the normal distribution and the probability of weak wet year’s occurrence are higher in eastern and central parts while intense droughts might occur in the southern parts. The calculation of central inclination and spatial indexes also indicated that the probability of weak wet year occurrence is higher in northern sections and the possibility of severe drought occurrence is more in the southern sections of the study area. In the meantime, the probability of severe drought occurrence is more stable in terms of the location.}, Keywords = {Standard oval, Wet years, Drought, North West of Iran, SPI Index, Mean Center.}, volume = {15}, Number = {49}, pages = {57-74}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1709-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1709-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Study of Land Use and Land Cover Change in Lighvan Watershed, East Azerbaijan Province}, abstract ={Remote sensing provides necessary and sufficient facilities to extract and update land use/land cover (LULC) maps for planners and managers. In this work, we presented a case study of LULC change as a consequence of human population and activities, in the Lighvan watershed, using multi temporal satellite images analysis. In order to perform the research, four images of Landsat satellite include MSS 1976, TM 1989, ETM+ 2000 and 2010 have been used. Supervised classification technique 10 English Abstracts by using maximum likelihood method with the aid of ground truth data is carried out. Normalized difference vegetation Index (NDVI) and post classification comparison, were evaluated to detect environmental changes over the period from 1976 to 2010. NDVI results highlighted significant reduction of dense vegetation cover, over time. This reduction in vegetation cover density is mainly due to the increasing extent of urban areas, the building of roads, non managed rainfed farming, and the conversion of dense pastures to weak. Analysis of population trend changes in Lighvan and Sefideh Khan villages revealed that population changes is matched with the LULC changes and immigration of villagers between 1979 to 1986 has been played an important role in the LULC changes of study watershed.}, Keywords = {Land use/Land cover (LULC), Classification, Satellite images, NDVI, Lighvan Watershed. }, volume = {15}, Number = {49}, pages = {75-100}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1710-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1710-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Studying the effects of high-rise buildings violating the Comprehensive city design in Ahar}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {49}, pages = {101-114}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1711-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1711-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Analysis of the Effects of Second Homes Tourism in Rural Areas Case study: Hesar e Valiasr County- Buein Zahra Township}, abstract ={In recent decades tourism is introduced as an instrument to achieve sustainable development and as a source of creating income and employment in rural areas especially in villages that have experienced depopulation process. In this regard, second homes development in rural areas with beautiful natural landscapes, indicates a main trend in reconstructing rural-urban relations with the purpose of using rural spaces for leisure and entertainment along with tourists accommodation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of second homes tourism and its effects on economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions in target villages in Hesar e Valiasr County (Boein Zahra- Qazvin province). 14 English Abstracts The research is applied and the used method is descriptive- analytical and for data collection we have used library and field methods (observation, interviews, and questionnaires) and for this reason 5 villages with tourism second homes in the county have been surveyed. For data analysis we used statistical tests such as one sample t-test and Multivariate linear regression. The results indicate that from the viewpoints of permanent residents there is a significant and positive relation between second homes tourism and economic, social and physical dimensions but in environmental dimension the relation is significant and negative. Also the result of regression analysis shows that second homes tourism had been effective 0.90 percent on permanent residents' satisfaction in studied villages so that among four rural development indicators (social, economic, physical and environmental), we can see the most effect of tourism second homes development on physical and economic indicators.}, Keywords = {Second Home, Rural tourism, Rural Development- Qazvin Province.}, volume = {15}, Number = {49}, pages = {115-136}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1712-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1712-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {jabari, iraj and sakvand, habib and eskandari, hami}, title = {Relationship between Seismological Characteristics and Geomorphological zones in Iran}, abstract ={The study of seismology in different geomorphologic zones to detect particular behavioral patterns in the region is the main goal of this research. So, geomorphic zones were separated and 30 years of data depth, magnitude and frequency of earthquakes were attributed in GIS for each geomorphic zone. Then the data were saved for each zone separately extensively and analyzed in SPSS and Minitab software and then compared. The results showed that among 9 morphologic zones, Zagros and the Caspian zones are the most irregular situation. The relative density of earthquakes is high in the Zagros, but the occurrence of earthquakes is less in this area than other zones. The biggest b values assigned to this area, but there was not a completely regular increasing trend towards the depths. Relative density of earthquakes in the Caspian is not high, but big earthquakes are more. A   minimum value of b belonged to this zone and finally, b changes to the depth were chaotic. Other zones had some characteristics some of which can be placed into one of the two Zagros or Caspian zones, however they have a regular pattern in their b changes toward depths. Therefore the east, northeast and north zones are about similar to Caspian zone and south plain and northwest zones are similar to Zagros zone. Central of Iran and Makran zones show intermediate characteristics.}, Keywords = {Earthquakes, Iran, Geomorphology, b value.}, volume = {15}, Number = {49}, pages = {137-151}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-30-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-30-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Analyzing the Rank-Size Model in Spatial Order of Urban System in Ardebil Province During 1986-2006}, abstract ={Accelerated urbanization process, mainly in developing countries, has been distributed as spatial system of urban settlements in many cases whose main consequences are the occurrence of instability conditions in urban networks. This research has been done by a descriptive-analytical method to study the hierarchy and transformation of urban system and their population distribution. In this regards, cities in Ardebil have been analyzed based on general population and housing censuses period of 1986 to 2006 by using the rank-size and regulation rank-size models. The results indicate that spatial patterns of urban settlement follows a random pattern whereby 18 English Abstracts in recent decades the tendency of urban population centers and classes are rising toward chaos. The spatial and functional dominance of Ardebil, the first city of province, has caused the urban hierarchy not to follow the rank-size model. Hence this discrepancy and spatial inequality in hierarchical system is clearly recognizable. On the other hand, in the recent decade (2000s), the population imbalance distribution has been more enhanced comparing to the past.The optimal spatial pattern in the Province would be obtained by the policy of non-centralization on one hand and accessing suitable services and appropriate balance between economical and physical opportunities for medium and small cities on the other hand which have been the objectives of this research.}, Keywords = {Rank-Size Model, Spatial Order, Urban System, Ardebil Province.}, volume = {15}, Number = {49}, pages = {153-168}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1714-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1714-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={Ecotourism has long been recognized as one of the most attractive forms of tourism, and due to its significantly less dependency on investment compared to other forms of tourism, it has attracted attention of many experts and managers. Considering the importance of ecotourism in Iran’s Kermanshah province due to its natural potentials and continental variety and compatibility of this type of tourism with the sustainable development concept, therefore due to the environmental conditions of its regions, and on the other hand, necessity of strategic planning in this field, the main aim of this study is to formulate developmental strategies for the ecosystem of the Kermansha province using the SWOT model and theEvidential 20 English Abstracts Reasoning (ER) Approach. The SWOT method was used to extract possible strategies considering internal and external factors, and the Evidential Reasoning (ER) Approach was employed to prioritize and select superior strategies considering lack of access to adequate information. Finally, two strategies assigning management and exploitation of recognized ecotourism locations to the private sector and planning to create combined ecotourism tours with other prioritized areas of tourism in the province were chosen as priority strategies for developing ecotourism in the province.}, Keywords = {Ecotourism, Strategy Planning, SWOT Model, Evidential Reasoning (ER) Approach, Kermanshah Province.}, volume = {15}, Number = {49}, pages = {169-187}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1715-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1715-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Evaluation of the Effective Factors in Historical- Cultural Tourism by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) (Case Study: historic city of Farahabad)}, abstract ={In terms of purpose, this study is of applied type of research and in terms of nature is of descriptive- field type. A model is designed to understand the effective factors in development of tourism including welfare, cultural and social, natural and environmental facilities and services, and has been tested through structural equation model and AMOS software. For testing the research hypotheses a sample of 150 persons taken from tourists and people has been used and reliability of the questionnaire was been in general 0.865. Analysis of the findings of this research has been done in two parts.in the first part descriptive findings of the research is examined, and in the second part normality of data is examined by Colmogrov 22 English Abstracts Smirnov test and results show that higher meaningfulness for the total data. So, normality condition of data became fixed. Finally, after the analysis of the confirmatory factor of variables in measurement frames, the examination of the hypotheses rejection or confirmation was done by using structural equations approach. The analyses show that among three hypothesis presented, only facilities and services factor affects the development of historical- cultural tourism in this area. Therefore, the model obtained from this research indicates a meaningful correlation between welfare facilities and services and development of tourism in Farahabad, and tourism facilities and infrastructures have a direct relationship with development of tourism in this area.}, Keywords = {Historical- cultural tourism, Farahabad, Structural Equations Model (SEM). }, volume = {15}, Number = {49}, pages = {189-211}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1716-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1716-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {The Study and Analysis of Inequality in the Distribution of Urban Tourism Infrastructures Case Study: East Azerbaijan Province}, abstract ={The purpose of this study is assessment and analysis of inequality in the distribution of urban tourism infrastructures in East Azerbaijan Province by SAW technique, Pearson’s coefficient SKEWNESS, Pearson’s coefficient correlation and ZIPF size–rank law.‌‌‌‌ Indicators of the study contains (1) accommodations and Hotel, (2) the catering units and restaurants, (3) recreational places (including museums, cinemas, theaters and exhibitions), (4) food serving stops (fast food, etc.), (5) travel agencies, (6) tourism sample region, (7) public transportation, (8) commercial companies and cooperatives and (9) public parks. The results indicated there is an obvious difference between counties of East Azerbaijan province based on the urban tourism infrastructures, so Tabriz County with 0.996 takes the first rank and Khdaafrin with 24 English Abstracts 0.003 takes the last rank and distribution of urban tourism infrastructures in East Azerbaijan Province is asymmetric with positive skewness. Pearson’s coefficient correlation showed direct relationship between the distribution of population and urban tourism infrastructures with 0.994 in East Azerbaijan Province. However, enormous inequality in the distribution of population and urban tourism infrastructures according to the ZIPF size– rank law has observed between the counties of East Azerbaijan Province.}, Keywords = {Inequality, Urban Tourism Infrastructures, SAW Technique and ZIPF size – rank, East Azerbaijan Province.}, volume = {15}, Number = {49}, pages = {213-236}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1717-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1717-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Estimation of Soil Erosion and Deposit Generation in Bekr Abad Drainage Basin in Varzghan Using MPSIAC in GIS Environment}, abstract ={Every year, thousands of tons of soils become unavailable from gardens, pastures, and agricultural lands by different forms of erosion, accumulating in potentially sedimentary regions, leading to significant losses. To manage eroded regions and inhibit this phenomenon, it is necessary to identify areas under erosion or under deposit and estimate the amount of eroded soil, thereby appropriate protective actions for reducing or lowering the erosion process can be done, in addition to determining vulnerable and critical regions. So, it is required to get access to high accuracy and efficiency. For this purpose, the experimental model has been used. This model has been used in different geographical environments in Iran. It has presented acceptable and satisfying results than other experimental models due to its quantifiablity and use of several parameters. 26 English Abstracts In this method, nine environmental factors have been investigated: geology, soil, climate, running water, gradient, earth covering, land use, surface and river erosion. Then, the rate of erosion and deposit is calculated by quantitative pricing of parameters. In this study, all data from these model data were estimated by the documentary method for evaluating deposit and erosion in Bekr Abad Drainage Basin, field studies were extracted and its required layers were provided in GIS Software. When databases were found, quantitative pricing and weight-giving to any of layers were extracted based on defined standards in the model, as well as in the final map of erosion spreading and the basin deposits. Comparing the amounts of estimated deposits and maps from areas sensitive to basin erosion with observational amounts and with field states of the basin indicates that fortunately, this basin is not in an acute state in terms of erosion values, and the development process is preventable by proper management. Also, surface erosion state gradient, and soil characteristic factors are most influential factors on the incidence of different erosion among different erosion factors of the basin.}, Keywords = {Soil erosion, Deposit generation, MPSIAC model, GIS, Bekr-Abad Drainage Basin.}, volume = {15}, Number = {49}, pages = {237-257}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1718-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1718-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {The Influence of Active Tectonic on the Alluvial Fan Morphology Using Geomorphological Indicators at Structural Boundaries in Southern Alborz}, abstract ={The study measured the forms and landscapes caused by tectonic activity is the subject of tectonic geomorphology. Fans of such forms of tectonic activity along the tectonic that climate change is the most important factor controlling them. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of tectonic factors in the development and morphology changes of the alluvial fans of Jajroud, Heble Roud and Eyvankei. In this study, the topographic maps, geology, satellite photos and the digital elevation model (DEM) were used as the main data. In addition, the morphology of the alluvial fans of the region was studied closely and through a field study. Then, using the geomorphic indexes which includes the sinuosity of the 28 English Abstracts mountain in-front (SMF) Ratio of valley floor width to valley height (VF), Drainage Asymmetry factor (AF), Stream Length-Gradient Index (SL), Transverse Topographic Symmetry Factor (T), Fan Comicality Index (FCI), the region in terms of tectonic activities were assessed. Through combination of these indexes the index of active tectonic (Iat) were obtained. The results show that according to the Iat amounts, the region is active in terms of neotectonic activities. So that Heble Roud alluvial fans are ranked as the geologic activities are high and for Eyvankei and Jajroud alluvial fans are placed at the medium level of geologic activities. The database of Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran (1937-2012) has recorded the most earthquakes near the fault of Garmsar, especially in the western parts of it and it seems that it has more activity than its eastern part.}, Keywords = { Morphology, Alluvial Fans, Neotectonics, Geomorphic indexes, Southern Alborz. }, volume = {15}, Number = {49}, pages = {259-288}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1719-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1719-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Identifying Suitable Areas for Sugar Beet Growing in Accordance with the Ecological Needs of Ardebil Province}, abstract ={Sugar beet is one of the strategic corps of Iran. Based on climatic and environmental conditions in Ardabil province, growing sugar beet plays an important role in economic boom of local farmers. The objective of this study is to determine the ecological needs in order to identify the prone areas of the sugar beet growing and more efficient use of arable lands in Ardabil province. To this end, elements of climate were studied in the statistical period of 1988-2008 in local weather stations such as annual temperature, the temperature during the growth period (April – October), the annual precipitation, the precipitation of growth period (April – September). Also maps were drawn for layers of elevation levels, slope, orientation and the soil depth. The research process includes data collection, evaluation of layers using AHP, data entry into the GIS system, data integration and preparation of the final map. The research findings show that the province in terms of favorable condition for growing sugar beet, can be zoned into three areas: suitable (approximately 37%), average (25%), and unsuitable (38%).}, Keywords = {Sugar beet, Ecological needs, Hierarchical model, GIS and Ardabil Province.}, volume = {15}, Number = {50}, pages = {1-18}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2115-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2115-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {The Evaluation the Role of Cash Subsidies on the Economic and Social Welfare of Rural Families Case Study: The Rural District of Jaydar (Poldokhtar TownShip)}, abstract ={One of the important aims of economic system is welfare increasing in the society. Regarding that they deem the achievement of sustainable development necessary in creation of welfare for all people. In this study is turned to the effect of cash subsidy on economic and social welfare of rural families in Jaydar rural district. The statistical community of the research‚ including the families of Jaydar rural district in Poldokhtar Township in the Lorestan Province contained 28 of inhabitant villages. In order to give effect to the subject and making objective the issues‚ 13 villages and 328 questionnaires were selected as sample using Cochran equation and because of the excessive volume of number of samples‚ we used the Cochran corrigendum method and 153 family questionnaires were distinguished. To describe and analysis‚ we used SPSS by way of one sample T test and for testing hypothesis we used correlation. The results shows that in the discussion of economic welfare‚ most effects of the subsidy is related to the family demand amounts increases and amount of nutrients. In the discussion of social welfare the high effect of performing this plan was in the amount of accessing to the services indicators and it had the desired effect on the nutrition cases improvement indicators and amount of diets variety. But indicators such as benefitting the hygienic‚ educational and leisure time had they not more effects. Therefore, it can be said that targeted subsidies increased the welfare of rural families.}, Keywords = {Subsidy‚ Welfare‚ Rural Families‚ Rural Development‚ Jaydar Rural District.}, volume = {15}, Number = {50}, pages = {19-37}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1886-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1886-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Analysis and Forecast of Tourism Industry Sustainability Indicators in Iran}, abstract ={The purpose of this paper was analyzing and predicting of affected indicators to process stability in the tourism industry of Iran. In this regard, according to studies and surveys of leading experts, main indicators of sustainable tourism field to six aspects of economic, social, cultural, ecological, political and technological categories. The main research question was that from experts;#39 opinion, which indicators aspect has main priorities of assessment of sustainability to Iran tourism industry? And which indicators aspect can better predict of sustainability in process of Iran tourism industry? Accordingly, the aim of this research was applied research and its methodology was descriptive –analysis. For collecting of necessary data to the weighting of indicators for data analysis by Delphi survey method we used 15 expert opinions. In order to analyze data and answer the research questions we used fuzzy Delphi analytical hierarchy process method and discriminant analysis in SPSS software. The results indicated that the political dimension of Iran tourism industry sustainability indicators from experts;#39 opinion was greater priority to pay it in order to sustain this field, and cultural dimensions of sustainability indicators for tourism industry had a major role in forecasting in tourism industry sustainability of Iran.}, Keywords = {Sustainability, Tourism, Discriminant Analysis, FuzzyDelphi Analytical Hierarchy Analysis, Iran.}, volume = {15}, Number = {50}, pages = {39-58}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1887-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1887-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Rainfall in Tabriz County Using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis}, abstract ={Precipitation acts as one of the most important elements of the climate. There has been much discussion and research in this regard. Spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation is very important in a place. This study aims at the understanding of the distribution of precipitation in specified time period for optimization of its use in agriculture, industry and human consumption. Estimation of flood and determination of the potential flooding and drainage system design, including the use of spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation is considered in the current research. To study the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation in the city of Tabriz daily data from 11 stations were used for the period 1378 to 1388. To achieve the above objectives and zoning of the area in terms of precipitation, the first step was to prepare maps which were then converted to the data. Data were also used to remove cells outside the borders of original matrix that contained daily precipitation. The results showed that Tabriz county precipitation is separable into three distinct groups of with average precipitation, low precipitation and few others had some of the highest precipitation amounts.}, Keywords = {Precipitation, Spatial Distribution, Temporal Distribution, Tabriz County. }, volume = {15}, Number = {50}, pages = {59-81}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1888-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1888-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Synoptic Analysis of Pervasive Hail Precipitation in the West of Iran}, abstract ={Pervasive and severe hail precipitation has an effective and main rule on damaging to agriculture products in different earth zone. in order to study the dynamic and synoptically conditions of hail phenomenon in west of the country, used daily of hail precipitation of 30 synoptically stations of Kermanshah, Hamedan‚ Lorestan and Kurdestan states in a 10 year statistical period (2000-2010). 2 sample of pervasive hail precipitation which had more intensity than the other, recognized and chosen. The results showed that in the light of boarding period, 9 Am to 15 pm and between the months of the year, April and May had maximum values. Synoptic stations of Marivan, Baneh, and Bijar had maximum hail occurrence. Study of the atmospheric patterns showed, pervasive hail precipitation in the zone is the result of expansion of low pressure system which is located on the Red Sea and Sudan. In the day of hail precipitation the west of the Iran, settled in front of the trough and Arabian sea anticyclone system caused transferring of the warm and humid weather with northern-southern direction weather to the zone and while the strengthened Sudan low pressure system made suitable conditions for instability creation and hail precipitation. Studying omega maps, showed the convergence of edge level of 1000 hpa and strong divergence level of 700 and 850 Hpa. So that strong upwards flows ascended the warm and humid weather and prepared the ground for creating the intense instability.}, Keywords = {Pervasive Hail, West of Iran, SynopticAnalysis, Low Pressure, Convection.}, volume = {15}, Number = {50}, pages = {83-105}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1889-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1889-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Zoning of Landslide Hazard Using Entropy Model Case Study: Zar’ab Basin}, abstract ={Actually landslide is the movement of non-condensing and condensing sedimentary layers on the inclined surface that could leave disastrous effects. Zar’ab basin with an area over 3973.94 km2 has 82 landslide spots, appears to be an unstable region. The purpose of this study was to prepare the zoning of landslide risk in the area and determine the factors that influence it. After conducting field and library studies and producing the map of landslide distribution, the effective factors such as geological formations, fault, slope, elevation and aspect were determined. Then we prepared the landslide map by using ARCMAP software and entropy model. The findings of this study show that 55% of the total landslide occurred in the medium-risk range, 37% in the high-risk range, and 8% in the low-risk range and the main reason for this was the effect of roads on the increase of landslide in the area.}, Keywords = {Entropy, Landslide, Zar’ab, Zoning.}, volume = {15}, Number = {50}, pages = {107-123}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1890-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1890-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Application of MODIS Sensor and NDSI Index to Produce Snow Cover Map (Case Study of Bahar Watershed, Iran)}, abstract ={Snow is one of the major sources of water in most parts of the world. Hydrology and climate studies determine that the snow cover surface area to be one of the important parameters of snow. One of the tools that has lots of uses in the watershed snow cover survey and hydrological properties is remote monitoring by satellites images. MODIS imageries compared with other images like NOAA has better spatial resolution and more bands and is better for this surveying. Therefore in our study for mapping of snow cover we used MODIS images and NDSI indicators. In the snow mapping algorithm, at the first stage the NDSI index snow was isolated but for discrimination between snow and other wet lands we used the thresholds in 2, 4 and 6 bands. The results showed that the NDSI index in conjunction with the thresholds has appropriate effects for this purpose. In this research, the average error of snow cover maps including the error NDSI index was less than 20 percent.}, Keywords = {Snow Mapping Algorithm, NDSI, MODIS, Bahar Watershed}, volume = {15}, Number = {50}, pages = {125-140}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1891-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1891-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Analyzing Desirable Residential Environment of the Esfahan City in the Vision of Municipal Managers}, abstract ={Looking at the issues on urban literature in recent years and written numerous and various articles and books in field of "quality of residential environment" indicates the focus and attention of urban thinkers and theorists to this concept. In this survey with the aim of desirable residential environment analysis in Esfahan city we tried to identify the desirable residential environment and the parameters affecting the quality of the environment in order to improve the quality of residential environments. Survey data collected from the questionnaires in municipal senior executives have been analyzed with the use of analytical-descriptive method, Topsis technique and cluster analysis with in SPSS software. TOPSIS technique introduced that Abshar, Nazhvan, Mehr Abad, Abbas Abadand Dashtestan respectively, as the top five residential environments from the vision of municipal senior executives in the Esfahan city. Cluster analysis results classify desirable residential environments in four groups according to the survey index. Among factors affecting the quality of the desirable residential environment, various factors influence this quality among which, cleanliness and hygiene residential environment was the most important factor and access to historical-cultural complexes are considered as the lowest factors. According to the affecting factors on the quality of the desirable residential environment, seven ways have been presented for improving the quality of residential environments.}, Keywords = {Temperature, Harmonic Analysis, Cluster Analysis, Natural Seasons, South of the Caspian Sea}, volume = {15}, Number = {50}, pages = {141-164}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1892-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1892-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Determining the Natural Seasons of the Southern Caspian Multivariate Statistical Method (Case Study: Guilan Province)}, abstract ={In this study to determine the natural seasons of the Southern Caspian Sea, data average for the maximum and minimum temperature and average monthly area for 13 stations in the range were studied for a period of 20 years (1986 to 2006). To analyze the data the harmonic and cluster analysis methods were used. The results of the data analysis show that in the south of the Caspian Sea the year can be totally separated in three main seasons: hot, cold and transitive. In most stations, each of the hot, cold and the total cold and transitive seasons is composed of four months, but the natural seasons in the south of the Caspian Sea do not match with the beginning of the seasons’ calendar. The number of the months related to the hot seasons for every station is about four or five months and is included the months June, July, August and September and the months related to the transitive season are included in some stations between two to five months and they are April, May, October, November and December. In the end the number of the months related to the cold season in stations were variable from three to five months which they are included in November, December, January, February, March and April. Although Zanjan the coldest and Gilvan the warmest are among the stations of the range under study, it is observed that there are two seasons in these stations and it should be noted that the seasons variation from hot to cold occur in more humid stations of a gradual coast and in the longer term, but the same event for the stations that are far from coast and are higher occur in a shorter period.}, Keywords = {Harmonic Analysis, Cluster Analysis, Natural seasons, South of the Caspian Sea.}, volume = {15}, Number = {50}, pages = {165-181}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1893-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1893-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {The Creation of Geographic Information Systems for Management of Underground Facilities (Case Study: Owner Shaihk Shahbbaddin Ahar City(}, abstract ={Geographic information systems exploit numerous tools to analyze various spatial data sets. The ability of analyzing spatial data makes GIS distinct from other systems. Enterprise GIS (EGIS) can be used to share spatial data and analysis tools between different local governments such as members of drilling committee to efficiently perform their common tasks. It increases the coordination between local governments in order to do their common tasks and reduces the cost and time of performing these tasks. In this paper different steps of implementing an EGIS in order to coordinate drilling activities across a city have been explained. These steps include need analysis, and creating external, conceptual, logical and physical models for spatial database as core of EGIS which have been discussed in this paper. The case study of the research was town of SHYKH Shahab-e-din and a pilot project for drilling committee of this town has been implemented in the ArcGIS software environment}, Keywords = {Drilling Committee, urban an underground facility, Enterprise GIS.}, volume = {15}, Number = {50}, pages = {183-207}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1895-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1895-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {An Evaluation of Deterministic and Geostatistics Interpolation Models to Precipitation Regionalization in Ardebil Province}, abstract ={Two deterministic methods [Radial Basis Functions (RBF) and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)], and two stochastic interpolation methods [Kriging and Co-Kriging] have been evaluated to estimate the annual precipitation in Ardebil Province. For this purpose, we used data taken from various stations across the province [4 synoptic stations, 1 climatological station and 24 rain gauges], over a decade (2005-1995). The performance of the above model was examined using cross validation and the indices of Mean Bias Error (MBE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE).Finally, to identify under-estimated and over-estimated areas of each method at elevations above the spatial distribution of stations, the output of each model was examined. The results suggested that Kriging model had lower errors than other methods and was more compatible with the elevation surfaces. Therefore, this method was identified as the best option for estimating f precipitation in areas without adequate data and intense topographic gradients in Ardebil Province.}, Keywords = {Precipitation Mapping, Deterministic and Stochastic Interpolation Methods, Cross Validation, Ardebil Province}, volume = {15}, Number = {50}, pages = {209-231}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1896-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1896-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Statistical Analysis and Prediction of Short-term Stormy Periods of Sabzevar by Markov Chain Model}, abstract ={About 90 percent of the world's natural disasters occur in relationship between climate factors and among them, the storm accounts for about 30% shares of this disaster. Thus, given the importance of this issue, in this paper two-state Markov chain was used to analyze and forecast of stormy days in Sabzevar city. For this purpose, the daily wind in Sabzevar station during the period (1390-1350) was obtained. The days of storm (code 1) and non- storm (code 0) were divided into two groups. The results of data processing show that the maximum frequency of stormy days 79 days occurred in 1385. During the study period, April with 113 days of stormy, had the highest frequency, and on the contrary, November with 19 days of stormy, had the lowest frequency. In other words Spring was stormy and Autumn was calm season is in Sabzevar. Seasonal results of Markov probability matrix showed that the occurrence of two consecutive stormy days in all seasons is not more than 20%. The minimum (10%) and maximum (19%) probability occurred in autumn and Spring, respectively. However, the probability of two consecutive non- stormy days in all seasons is not less than 90 percent. Later determined the shortest air cycle with approximate duration of 16 days in Spring and also the largest with approximate duration of 45 days in Autumn have been observed. Also, throughout the investigated period, the one-day and two-day stormy sequences had the highest frequency.}, Keywords = {Sabzevar, Markov Chain Model, Short-term Stormy Periods.}, volume = {15}, Number = {50}, pages = {233-250}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1897-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-1897-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Statistical Analysis of Climatic Histories of Desertification in Iran}, abstract ={In this paper for the study of the amount of vulnerability of Iran to desertification we have used bioclimatic index of UNEP (United Nation Environment Programme). First average annual temperature and total annual precipitation has been collected from 45 synoptic meteorological stations for a 30 years period (1976-2005) from the Meteorological Organization of Iran. Then UNEP index are computed for all of studied stations. Using Mann-Kendall graphical–statistical test we then investigated UNEP changes trends in Iran. On the basis of UNEP index we observed that most areas of Iran have arid and semi-arid climates. With respect to the desertification intensity class, these two kinds of climates have classes of severe and very severe conditions. After those two kinds of climates, ultra arid, dry sub-humid, very humid and sub-humid climates cover most areas in Iran respectively. Results of Mann-Kendall test show that in three stations of Birjand, Tabriz and Mashhad, UNEP index changes trend have signs of tendency from semi-arid climate to arid climate. Changes trend at two stations of Urmia and Khoy have a tendency from dry sub-humid climate to semi-arid climate. Changes trend at station of Sanandaj has a sign of replacement between semi-humid climate with semi-arid climate and Yazd station shows tendency to ultra-arid from arid climate. However, Zabol station at north of Sistan and Baluchistan province has had positive trend, whose changes trends have been from ultra-arid climate to arid climate. Changes trend of all of these stations at level of are significant.}, Keywords = {Desertification, UNEP index, Mann-Kendall test, Trend, Iran. }, volume = {15}, Number = {51}, pages = {19-32}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2002-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2002-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Determining Optimal Strategy for the Development of Marine Tourism with the Use of a Consolidated Approach of SWOT- ANP (Case Study: Kish Island)}, abstract ={Planning for the development of marine tourism depends on a careful review and knowledge of the region and requires access to an outstanding model for analysis. In this study consolidated approaches SWOT- ANP for determining most appropriate strategy for the development of marine tourism in Kish Island. Since the SWOT model analysis is not suitable for internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats) classification and the results are often incomplete list of internal and external factors, so it cannot comprehensively evaluate strategic decision making process. Therefore, in this study, in order to eliminate defects of SWOT model ANP technique is used. In fact, the network analysis between the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats establishes a dependency. Present research is applied in terms of goal and is descriptive-analytical in regard of study method and way of implementing. Based on research results, the best strategy for the development of marine tourism in the Kish island, is the strategy WO (benefit from political and management power to coordinate marine tourism related organizations, the development of marine transport in order to earn foreign exchange and investment capacity to ensure the welfare for tourists) and has the weight  of 501/0. Addition to strategy SO 0.473 weights is an alternative strategy.}, Keywords = {Strategy, Development of tourism, Marine tourism, SWOT model, ANP model, Kish Island.}, volume = {15}, Number = {51}, pages = {19-43}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2003-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2003-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Urban Sprawl and its Impact on Decay of Central Neighborhoods (Case Study: 7-1 Neighborhood in Maragheh)}, abstract ={Over the past several decades, despite billions of dollars spent on various programs, the urban sprawl has marked effective revitalization even more problematic. In fact urban sprawl and urban decay are not two spate phenomena and we cannot solve one problem without solving the other. Most cities nowadays suffer from these two problems and Maragheh is not an exception. The population of Maragheh raised from 100000 in 1986 up to 149000  in 2006 with an annual growth rate 2 percent .On the other hand, over the same period the urban area increased from 927 hectares to 2597 hectares with an annual growth rate of 5.28 percent. A simple comparison of population growth and the urban area growth from 1986 to 2006 indicates that development of Maragheh was sprawl and its share according to the Holdern model was 61.3 percent. Because of this growth, inner-city neighborhoods have experienced considerable out migration, flight of capital and economical activities, and growth of urban decay. The present paper aims to analysis past urban development patterns and their impacts on inner-city neighborhoods decay. It hypothesized that ;#39;#39inner-city development;#39;#39 would be the best alternative to urban sprawl in order to accomplish the twin goals of preserving of open spaces and natural habits and revitalize urban area.}, Keywords = {Urban Sprawl, Holdren Model, Out Migration, Flight of Capital &amp, Economic Activities, Urban decay.}, volume = {15}, Number = {51}, pages = {45-62}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2004-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2004-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Reviewing the Geographical Potentials of East Azerbaijan Province in Sports Tourists Attraction}, abstract ={It has been proved that Iran, except for the first ten countries in the world in terms of tourist attractions in the country its share of the world tourism industry is negligible. This research aimed at identifying the appropriate range of the potentials in attracting tourism and sports tourism in the province of East Azerbaijan. Method of study was Vamplew & Kay model, a procedure to examine the relationship between climatic elements with sporting activities such as swimming, sports, aerial sports, soccer, cycling, parachute games, both road and sports three. The results showed that in the East Azerbaijan province, May, June, July, August and September have suitable conditions for sporting activities available in terms of human comfort climate, the months of June and July for sports: swimming, football, cycling, sports, and aerial sports. The months of June, July, August, and September have a suitable climate for sports, swimming, soccer and three sports (swimming, cycling and athletics). The results can be well-planned and utilized by environmental planners and performance and greater efficiency in absorbing nature of the battalion, specializing in sports tourism guidance.}, Keywords = {Ecotourism, Nature, Sports Tourism.}, volume = {15}, Number = {51}, pages = {63-73}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2005-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2005-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Study of the Effective Factors on Life Quality in Villages in City Surroundings (Case Study: Badr Sub- District (Ravansar County)}, abstract ={Life study is important, and this why this paper studies life quality factors that effect rural areas. The investigation method was survey and we used questionnaires for the research. The technique used was path analysis. Results showed direct and indirect factors that affect quality of life in rural areas. These results also indicated that there were many factors that affect directly the quality of life including age, time dependents, household wealth, satisfaction and rural crowd. There were many factors that also indirectly influence the quality of life such as distance between urban-rural, incomes, number of employed and type of job.}, Keywords = {Quality of Life, Path Analysis, Badr District, Surrounding City Villages.}, volume = {15}, Number = {51}, pages = {75-96}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2006-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2006-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {The Quality of Destination Tourism Product, Tourist Satisfaction and Future Behavioral Tendencies of Tourists: The Case of El-Gölü Park in Tabriz}, abstract ={Due­­­­ to rapid changes in technology, and changes from local to global environment, cities have to compete with each other to being an attractive tourist destination. Today tourist satisfaction of tourism product quality at a destination is one of the determinant factors to successful in competitive world of tourism industry, which influences on goods and services consumption at holiday, reputation, trust, and future behavioral intentions (say positive things about destination, revisit, and recommending). In this regard, the purpose of this study is to evaluate tourist;#39 satisfaction of the quality of tourism product and future behavioral intentions in El-Gölü Park of Tabriz. The research is based upon descriptive-analytic and correlative methods. The study population (N) was domestic tourists in Gölü Park of those two-hundred were the sample of the study (n). Moreover, the survey was distributed among the participants in convince method. Furthermore, the data was analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. The results indicated that (1) there are not significant differences between tourists on attractiveness, interest to recreation, and safety of the Park based on Mann-Whitney Test and Independent Samples T-test, (2) based on the One Sample T-test, tourists are satisfied of facilities, accessibility, attraction, prices and image perception of the park, and (3) analysis of simple linear regression showed significance and positive influence of tourist satisfaction on the say positive things about destination, recommending, and decision to return. At the end, future researches should studied the relationship among the image of the destination, socio-demographic characteristics, nationality, ethnicity, length of stay, creativity, and communication and information technology with the future behavioral intentions.}, Keywords = {Quality of Tourism Product, Tourist Satisfaction, Future Behavioral Intention, El-Gölü Park.}, volume = {15}, Number = {51}, pages = {97-119}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2007-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2007-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Evaluation of Spatial Interpolation Methods in Preparing the Groundwater Quality Maps and Their Descriptions (Haraz Basin Aquifer Polour Plain)}, abstract ={Concerning the rates and changes in the properties of elements and physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater and describing prepared maps, they have played a major role in the quality management of groundwater resources, therefore based on this issue, appropriate measurement is needed to present for preventing excessive pollution of the aquifer area. There are various methods existing for monitoring and predicting the density of the physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater the selection of appropriate methods depends on the objective circumstances of the region and its data. In this research which was carried out in Plour plain located on part of Haraz–Polour river basin, sampling from qualitative chemical parameters was done and then nutrient concentrations such as nitrate, phosphate and sulfate in 37 different wells in the area were measured. Then using spatial interpolation methods such as ordinary Kriging (OK) geo-statistical methods and other certain techniques such as Inverse Distance Weight (IDW), Radial Basis Function (RBF), Local Polynomial Interpolation (LPI) and Global Polynomial Interpolation (GPI), we assessed the   concentration changes in spatial zones for elements of phosphate, nitrate and sulfate.}, Keywords = {Spatial Interpolation Methods, Groundwater Pollution, Plour Aquifer, Zone Concentration Changes}, volume = {15}, Number = {51}, pages = {121-143}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2008-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2008-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Zoning Suitable Areas for Conservation and Ecotourism Activities Using Multi Criteria Decision Making Techniques (Case Study: Hamedan Province)}, abstract ={The review and identification of potential sites for ecotourism users is an issue that has been of interest to tourism planners. The purpose of this research was, ranking the protected areas prone to rushes of tourism activities in the province. To investigate the factors associated with locating suitable areas, multiple criteria decision making techniques (SAW, VIKOR, TOPSIS and Entropy) were used. 12 criteria were defined. To obtain virtuous results, five important criteria including vegetation and animal life, infrastructure, willingness of local people, security and access to the area were selected for evaluation. The selection criteria for weighted entropy method and the matrix of paired comparisons were used. The VIKOR method was determined as the best option and SAW and TOPSIS ranking methods were used for the areas. Finally, the ranking of the three techniques were compared. The final ranking of the integration method with arithmetic mean was used. According to the entropy weighting method, vegetation index, and rank 1 and weight of animal LIFE 0.303%, were the most important factors in evaluating suitable areas. Also according to the above methods, Lashgardar Mala yer protected area was best known area for ecotourism activities.}, Keywords = {Location, Ecotourism, Multi-criteria Decision, Hamedan.}, volume = {15}, Number = {51}, pages = {145-169}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2009-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2009-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Thermal Regions Identification of the North West of Iran}, abstract ={Temperature is one of the most important climatic variables being effective in specification and distribution of other variables of climate and is one of the main components of the zoning and classification. One way to planning and management is based on the knowledge of the thermal properties and their coverage area. In this study, using cluster and discriminant analysis multivariate methods, temperature zoning in the North West of the country was done. Using Kriging, 720 monthly minimum and maximum temperature maps with 8×8 km dimensions were created. Finally by removing cells out of range, 2436 cells were obtained, and a matrix database was created in the R form in 2436 rows (cells) multiplied 24 columns (variables). By applying cluster analysis four different temperatures in the North West area using Euclidean distance and Ward methods was identified. Discriminant analysis was used for classification and testing the accuracy of the cluster analysis. Based on the results of discriminant and cluster analyses, the groups differ only in %1.6 of the area. This result of the cluster and discriminant analyses also show that there is not a very commanding difference. This can be confirmed with the results of clustering. Each thermal zone was named on the basis of the comparison of each region with Iran’s average temperature (18 T◦C). These temperature areas are: Very cold area, cold area, semi-cold with cooler day and warmer night and semi-cold with warmer day and cooler night. The identified geographic areas temperature patterns which are more consistent with altitudinal levels unraveled that cluster analysis can be considered as a useful tool for zoning thermal districts.}, Keywords = {Thermal Region, Cluster Analysis, Discriminant Analysis, North West of Iran.}, volume = {15}, Number = {51}, pages = {171-190}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2010-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2010-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSEL) Calibration Using GIS and Remote Sensing (Case Study: Sykhoran of Watershed Hormozgan)}, abstract ={The increase of soil erosion as a threat to human welfare and even for his/her life is considered in this study. Soil erosion protection from erosion to develop methods for sustainable management of watersheds is necessary. Due to the absence or lack of data on soil erosion and sediment yield of watersheds in many countries, the use of new technologies is necessary. The aim of this study was the application of calibrated Russell model parameters using geographical information systems and remote sensing to identify areas within the Sykhvran watershed. Results  indicate that that there are more risks of erosion in the area. After creating a regression equation in hydrometric stations, rainfall erosivity factor (R) was calculated and interpolated. Soil erosion (K) was estimated to use the data. Soil and land surveying in the field were then carried out. Factor vegetation index using NDVI and length of shelves also were calculated through digital elevation model. Due to the lack of security operations in the watershed, we considered a factor equal protection operation. Based on the results obtained, the highest average annual erosion in Sykhoran catchment area was seen in the southern regions. The results of the correlation calculation of soil erosion and RUSEL model factors indicated significant correlation (R2 =% 82) with soil erosion. The results also matched with one of the region;#39s solidarity sediment stations with %82.7. The application of GIS and RS technologies for quantitative estimation of quantities have finally proved soil erosion in the area under study.}, Keywords = {Erosion, Remote Sensing, Geographic Information Systems, RUSLE Model, Sykhoran Watershed.}, volume = {15}, Number = {51}, pages = {191-207}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2011-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2011-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Modeling the Spatial Arrangement of Plastic Recovery Centers (Case Study: Fars Province)}, abstract ={Today the most prominent health and environmental problems of cities is ascending trend of solid wastes that should be managed and the institutionalization of phenomena such as recycling, composting, and biogas energy recovery from municipal solid waste be taken into consideration. By considering more than 65 percent of organic wastes in urban garbage in the study area, there was observed a need to investment in the production of compost. Process to determine the suitability of land for locating compost production units requires consideration of multiple criteria. That makes use of multi-criteria analysis models and techniques in this paper. The application of TOPSIS Model as one of the leading techniques in multi-criteria decision making has been examined in experimental field of research and resulting output has been presented in the form of classified spatial suitability of land for the deployment of composting units. Results of the research indicate that the pixels in the output map of the model which were introduced by priority, had the optimal conditions in terms of criteria that were considered in locating. Therefore, this model can be used as a Decision Support System (DSS), in the modeling spatial arrangement of compost production centers (centers for composting municipal organic wastes).}, Keywords = {Municipal Solid Waste, Plastic Recovery, Multi-criteria Evaluation, Site Selection, Fars Province.}, volume = {15}, Number = {51}, pages = {209-239}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2031-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2031-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Socio- economic Factors in Residential Vulnerability to Earthquake in Tehran City}, abstract ={For vulnerability reduction of cities to earthquake hazard, such as Tehran city, it is necessary to adopt policies based on the accurate recognition of the nature and causes of vulnerability. The excessiveness of non resistant buildings in developing countries and cities such as Tehran, vaises the question that: Why the degree of seismic vulnerability of buildings, especially residential buildings, is different and high. to answer this question, the review of theories of vulnerability and disaster management showed that retrofitting and vulnerability have deep social dimensions. thus, based on the theories of social structure of vulnerability, the purpose of this research is analyzing the effects of  socio-economic factors on residential vulnerability of houses of Tehran city. The research method is descriptive- analytical. Sample volume of households calculated by Cochran;#39s method (325), and sampling was done by cluster method. Needed data gathered by household and expert questionnaires, and analyzed by correlation and linear regression methods. The findings showed that there are reverse relation between degree of residential vulnerability of houses and income -0.575, literacy -0.692, employment -0.825, socio-economic status -0.665, risk perception -0.326. According to the result of linear regression analysis, 83 percent of changes of seismic vulnerability explained. The Conclusion is that, residential vulnerability and retrofitting have deep socio- economic dimensions. So, for buildings retrofitting, in addition to technical and engineering factors, socio-economic factors such as poverty reduction and socio-economic empowerment of households and individuals must take in attention seriously.}, Keywords = {Tehran City, Households, Earthquake, Residential Vulnerability, Socio-Economic Status.}, volume = {15}, Number = {51}, pages = {241-262}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2032-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2032-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Prediction of Climatic Parameters Using LARS-WG Model in Qare-suClimate change impacts are very dependent on regional geographic features and local climate variability. Impact assessment studies on climate change should therefore be performed at local or at most at the regional level for the evaluation of possible consequences. However, climate scenarios are produced by Global Circulation Models with spatial resolutions of several hundreds of kilometers. For this reason, downscaling methods are needed to bridge the gap between the large scale climate scenarios and the fine scale where local impacts happen. A stochastic weather generator, however, can serve as a computationally inexpensive tool to produce multiple-year climate change scenarios at the daily time scale which incorporate changes in both mean climate and in climate variability. In paper, LARS-WG model were used to downscale GCM outputs and then assessment of the performance were done for generated daily data of precipitati}, abstract ={Climate change impacts are very dependent on regional geographic features and local climate variability. Impact assessment studies on climate change should therefore be performed at local or at most at the regional level for the evaluation of possible consequences. However, climate scenarios are produced by Global Circulation Models with spatial resolutions of several hundreds of kilometers. For this reason, downscaling methods are needed to bridge the gap between the large scale climate scenarios and the fine scale where local impacts happen. A stochastic weather generator, however, can serve as a computationally inexpensive tool to produce multiple-year climate change scenarios at the daily time scale which incorporate changes in both mean climate and in climate variability. In paper, LARS-WG model were used to downscale GCM outputs and then assessment of  the performance were done for generated daily data of precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature and sunshine hours. Study area is Ghare-su basin in Gorgan and the station is called Gorgan synoptic station. The first step is running the model for the 1970-1999 period. Then mean of observation and synthetic data were compared. T-test was used in the 95% significance level, and the difference between observation and synthetic data was not significant. Finally monthly mean of observation and synthetic data were compared using Statistical parameters such as NA, RMSE & MAE. As  a final result, it is found that performance of model is appropriate for generating daily above listed data in Ghare-su basin. So, it is possible to predict the climatic parameters from GCM output using LARS-WG model. Also minimum and maximum temperatures have highest and sunshine hours have lowest correlation.}, Keywords = {Climate change, Climatic scenarios, Downscaling, LARS-WG, Qareh-Su.}, volume = {15}, Number = {51}, pages = {263-279}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2033-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2033-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Scientific Records of “Geographic Space” Journal in Islamic World Science Citation Center}, abstract ={This Study adopted a scientometric perspective to investigate the publishing status of “Geographical Space” Journal’s articles in Islamic Science Citation center (ISC) during 2010-2014. The results of the study show that the Journal has published a number of 223 articles during the respective period. About 86 percent of the articles are the result of co-authorship, which reveals the fact that there is a strong bond among the authors contributing to this Journal. This is further confirmed by the value of collaboration index. The mean score of collaboration index in each document is 2.5. In other words, more than two authors have collaborated in producing each article on average. 57 percent of the co-authors have been from different universities, which reveals the lack of intramural collaboration among the contributors to this journal. Authors affiliated with Tabriz University produced 20 percent of all articles.}, Keywords = {Geographic space Journal, Scientific records, Co-authorship relationships, Collaboration index, Collaboration degree.}, volume = {15}, Number = {51}, pages = {281-294}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2035-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2035-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={ Alvisi, S., Mascellani, G., Franchini, M., Bardossy, A., (2005), "Water level forecasting through fuzzy logic and artificial neural network approaches", J.Hydrol system science, 2: 1107-1145.  Baareh, AKM., Sheta, AF., Khnaifes, KA., (2006), "Forecasting river flow in the USA: A comparison between auto- regression and neural network non-parametric models", J Comput Sci, 2(10): 775-780.  Firat, M., (2007), "Artificial Intelligence Techniques for river flow forecasting in the seyhan river catchment, Turkey", J Hydrol Earth Syst Sci, 4: 1369-1406.  Jang, J.S.R., (1993), "ANFIS: adaptive network based fuzzy inference systems, IEEE Transactions on Systems", Man and Cybernetics, 23 (3): 665–685  Kisi, O., (2006), "Daily pan evaporation modeling using a neuro-fuzzy computing technique", Journal of Hydrology, 329: 636–646.  Kisi, O., (2005), "Suspended sediment estimation using neuro-fuzzy and neural network approaches", Hydrol Science Journal, 50 (4): 683–696.  Kisi, O., "2004. River flow modeling using artificial neural networks", J. Hydrol. Eng, ASCE, 9 (1): 60– 63.  Keskin, M.E., Terzi, O., Taylan, D., (2004), "Fuzzy logic model approaches to daily pan evaporation estimation in western Turkey", Hydrol. Sci. J, 49(6): 1001-1010-  Khu, ST., Liong, SY., Babovic, V., Madsen, H., Muttil, N., (2001), "Genetic programming and its application in real- time runoff forming", J  Am Water Res Assoc, 37(2): 439-451. Liong, SY., Gautam, TR., Khu, ST., Babovic, V., Keijzer, M., Muttil, N., (2002), "Genetic programming: A new paradigm in rainfall runoff modeling", J Am Water Res Assoc, 38(3): 705-718. Nayak, P.C., Sudheer, K.P., Rangan, D.M., Ramasastri, K.S., (2004), "A neuro-fuzzy computing technique for modeling hydrological time series", Journal of Hydrology, 291 (1–2): 52–66. Sette, S., Boullart, L., (2001),"Genetic programming: principles and applications". Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 14: 727–736.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {52}, pages = {1-15}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2166-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2166-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {52}, pages = {17-35}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2168-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2168-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {52}, pages = {37-54}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2169-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2169-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {52}, pages = {55-73}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2170-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2170-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {52}, pages = {75-96}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2171-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2171-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={Abdul-Hakim, R., Bdul-Razak, N. A., Ismail, R., (2010), "Does social capital reduce poverty? A case study of rural households in Terengganu, Malaysia", European Journal of Social Sciences, 14 (4): 556-566.  APO, (2006), "Potential of Social Capital for Community Development, Published by the Asian Productivity Organization Ltd"  , Edited by Yokoyama, S. and Sakurai, T., Tokyo, Japan, ISBN: 92-833-7050-3, ]on line[: www.apo-tokyo.org  Basile, E., Cecchi, C., (2007), "Building Social Capital in Rural Areas: Does Public Action Help?, Restructuring in Marginal Rural Areas (RESTRIM).The International Centre  for Development Studies, University of Aberdeen, GB.  Beugelsdijk, S., Van Schaik, T., (2005), "Differences in social capital between 54 Western European regions", Regional Studies, 39 (8): 1053-1064. Bhagavatula, S., Elfring, T., Tilburg, A. V., Gerhard G. V. B., (2010), "How social and humanCapital influence opportunity recognition and resource mobilization in India's Handloom Industry", Journal of Business Venturing, 25) 3(: 245-260.  Boix, C., Posner, D. N., (1998), "Social capital: Explaining its origins and effects on government performance", British Journal of Political Science, 28 (4): 686-693. Brehm, J., Rahn, W., (1997), "Individual-level evidence for the causes and consequences of social capital", American journal of political science, 41 (3): 999-1023.  Brunie, A., (2009), "Meaningful distinctions within a concept: Relational, collective, and generalized social capital", Social Science Research, 38 (2): 251-265.  Byrd, E., Bosley, H., Dronberger, M., (­2009), "Comparisons of stakeholder perceptions of tourism impacts in rural eastern North Carolina", Tourism Management, 30 )1(: 693–703.  Coleman, J. S., (1990), "Foundations of Social Theory", Combridge, Harvard University Press.  Colman, J., (1998), "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital", American Journal of Sociology, 94: 95-121.  DfID, U. K., (1999), "Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets. UK DFID Department for International Development: London.) Available at: www. Livelihoods. Org/info/info guidancesheets. Html (accessed 05 April 2007).  Engström, K., Mattsson, F., Järleborg, A., Hallqvist, J., (2008), "Contextual social capital as a risk factor for poor self-rated health: a multilevel analysis", Social science & medicine, 66 (11): 2268-2280.  Field,­ J.,(2003), ­"Social­­­ Capita", ­London: ­Rutledge, ]on line[: ­www.routledge.com/books/details/ 9780415433020/ Franke, S., (2005), "Measurement of social capital, Reference Document for Public Policy Research, Development, and Evaluation, Ottawa: Policy Research Institute (now Policy Hori­zons Canada). Canada. Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., Zingales, L., (2000), "The role of social capital in financial development" (No. w7563). National bureau of economic research.  Akgün, A.Y.A., Baycan-Levent, T.N., Nijkamp, P., Poot, J., (2011), "Roles of local and newcomer entrepreneurs in rural development: A comparative meta-analytic study", Regional Studies, 45 (9): 1207-1223. Harper, R., Kelly, M., (2001), "Measuring Social Capital in the United Kingdom", London, Office for National Statistics 23.  Harper, R., Maryanne, K., (2003), "Measuring Social Capitalin the United Kingdom", Office for National Statistics, December, ]on line[: http: //www. statistics. gov. uk/socialcapital.  Jordan, J.L., Anil, B., Munasib, A., (2010), "Community Development and Local Social Capital", Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 42, )1(: 143-159.  Kay, A., (2006), "Social capital, the social economy and community development", Community Development Journal, 41 (2): 160-173. Khanh, H.L.P., (2011), "The Role of Social Capital to Access Rural Credit: A case study at Dinh Cu and Van Quat Dong village in coastal of Thua Thien Hue province", (Master Thesis), Vietnam, Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural sciences.  Krishna, A., Shrader, E., (1999), "June Social Capital Assessment Tool", In conference on social capital and poverty reduction, World Bank, Washington.  limón, j.a.g., toscano, e.v., fernández, f.e.g., (2012), "Farmers’ contribution to agricultural social capital: evidence from southern Spain, documentos de trabajo/working paper series  Lyberaki, A., Paraskevopoulos, C.J., (2002(, "Social capital measurement in Greece", In International Conference on Social Capital Measurement.  Mthembu, B.M.J., (2011), "Rural tourism as a mechanism for poverty alleviation in KwaZulu-Natal: the case of Bergville, ph.D thesis.Department of recreation and tourism, University of Zululand  Nogueira, H., (2009), "Healthy communities: The challenge of social capital in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area", Health & Place, 15: 133– 139, Available at:www.elsevier.com/locate/healthplace. Putnam , R., (1993), "Making democracy work: civic traditions in modern Italy", Princeton, Princeton University Press.. Reeder, R.J., Brown, D.M., (2005), "Recreation, tourism, and rural wellbeing", United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Report Number 7, ]on line[: http://www.ers.usda.gov/ publications /err7 (April 2005) Sabatini, F., (2008), "The Role of Social Capital in Economic Development, ]on line[: www.socialcapitalgateway.org/.  Sakata, S., (2002), "What is social capital?" in:  Social Capital and International Cooperation. Tokyo: Japan International Cooperation Agency (in Japanese). Spellerberg, A., (2001), "Framework for the measurement of social capital in New Zealand", Statistics New Zealand, Wellington..  Stone, W., (2001), "Measuring social capital", Towards a theoretically informed measurement framework for researching social capital in family and community life (Vol. 24). Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies.  Uphoff, N., Wijayaranta, C.M., (2000), "Demonstrated benefits from social capital: The productivity of farmer organizations in Gal Oya, Sri Lanka", World Development, 28 (11): 1875-1890.  Vanneman, R., Desai, S., Noon, J., (2006), "Social Capital in India:  Networks, Organizations, and Confidence", the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association. Montreal. Woodhouse, A., (2006), "Social capital and economic development in regional Australia: A case study", Journal of rural studies, 22 (1): 83-94.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {52}, pages = {97-115}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2172-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2172-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {52}, pages = {117-135}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2173-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2173-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {52}, pages = {137-159}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2174-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2174-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {52}, pages = {161-185}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2175-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2175-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {52}, pages = {187-204}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2176-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2176-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {52}, pages = {205-221}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2327-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2327-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {52}, pages = {223-249}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2178-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2178-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {52}, pages = {251-266}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2179-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2179-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {52}, pages = {267-283}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2183-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2183-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {52}, pages = {285-303}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2180-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2180-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {52}, pages = {305-324}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2181-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2181-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {}, title = {}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {15}, Number = {52}, pages = {325-346}, publisher = {دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهر}, url = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2182-en.html}, eprint = {http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-2182-en.pdf}, journal = {Geographic Space}, issn = {1735322X}, eissn = {}, year = {2016} }